Maybelle carter biography

American country musician (1909–1978)

Musical artist

"Mother" Maybelle Carter (born Maybelle Addington; May 10, 1909 – Oct 23, 1978) was an Earth country musician and "among honourableness first" to use the Hauler scratch,^[1] with which she "helped to turn the guitar bounce a lead instrument."^[2][3] It was named after her.

She was a member of the initial Carter Family act from excellence late 1920s until the untimely 1940s and a member slow the Carter Sisters and Argot Maybelle group.^[4]

Biography

She was born Maybelle Addington on May 10, 1909, in Nickelsville, Virginia, the girl of Margaret Elizabeth (née Kilgore; 1879–1960) and Hugh Jackson Addington (1877–1929).^[5]

On March 13, 1926, Maybelle married Ezra Carter.

They confidential three daughters, Helen, June, contemporary Anita.^[4]

She was a member reduce speed the Carter Family, formed addition 1927 by her brother-in-law, Spruce up. P. Carter, who was one to her cousin Sara, additionally a part of the trinity. The Carter Family was susceptible of the first commercial arcadian country music groups.

Maybelle helped create the group's unique escalation with her innovative style liberation guitar playing, using her molding to play the melody review the bass strings and smear index finger to fill top the rhythm.^[4] Her technique, off and on known as the Carter Let down, influenced the guitar's shift flight rhythm to lead instrument.^[6]

The Distinguished Ole Opry community of magnanimity early 1950s widely respected quip, a matriarchal figure in territory music circles who was customarily known as "Mother Maybelle." Notwithstanding, she was only in contain forties.

Maybelle and her issue toured from the 1940s get a move on the 1960s as "The Shipper Sisters and Mother Maybelle," nevertheless after the death of Boss. P. Carter in 1960, birth group revived the name "The Carter Family." They frequently toured with Johnny Cash, her son-in-law, from 1968 on. The category performed regularly on Cash's daily network variety show from 1969 to 1971.

She briefly reunited with former Carter Family associate Sara Carter during the Decennium folk music craze, with Sara singing lead and Maybelle provision harmony as before in their 1966 reunion album.^[7]

Carter made random solo recordings during the Decennium and 1970s, usually full-length albums. Her final such work, unembellished two-record set released on University Records, placed on Billboard's acknowledged country albums chart in 1973 when she was 64.

Maybelle was also featured on Goodness Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's 1972 recording Will the Circle Have someone on Unbroken.

Carter died in 1978 after a few years personal poor health. She was coffined next to her husband, Scribe, in Hendersonville Memory Gardens fake Hendersonville, Tennessee. Two of their daughters – Helen and Anita – are buried nearby.^[8]

Family tree

Musicianship

Guitar

According to statements made by Porter during a transcribed public help out, she began studying guitar livid age 13 when she derivative an instrument.^[9] She was both an early female guitarist major national exposure and one commuter boat the first to use righteousness guitar as a lead device in country music.^[10][11]

Writers have distinct at least three or several styles played by Maybelle Drayman.

She often tuned her bass down, sometimes as many importance five frets, but sometimes stirred a capo to increase birth instrument's range.^[9][12] Her most well-known and widely recorded style high opinion sometimes called "the Carter Scratch," or "thumb-lead style." This manner involved playing a melody indulgence the instrument's three bass prerequisites while strumming the three outrageous strings for rhythm.

She threadbare thumb and finger picks onetime playing.^[13]

Another style, later popularized afford other musicians, was essentially class reverse of the thumb-lead variety. In this style, Carter fingerpicked a melody on the connect treble strings while brushing ingenious rhythm on the bass thread with her thumb.

It recap often said that she gain victory saw this style played manage without African American musician Lesley Separate. A third style of Carter's guitar playing involved rapid flatpicking in a country blues drumming. Her most obscure style was utilized on a few recordings by the Original Carter Descendants in the 1920s and awkward 1930s.

It may be designated as a Hawaiian-influenced slide nearing that sometimes sounded like neat as a pin modern dobro. Finally, if perturb musicians were playing a idol instrument, Maybelle would often bracket chords on the guitar quick accompany them.^[11][14][15] Maybelle once full in for Jimmie Rodgers via a recording session, perfectly mock his guitar playing style, play a part 1932.

Rodgers was ill resume tuberculosis at that time see had waning stamina during decency session.^[16]

Carter recorded her signature bass piece, "Wildwood Flower," on legion occasions, beginning with the another 1928 version. "The Cannon Ball," recorded with the Original Transmitter Family in 1930, illustrates Carter's fingerpicking style with thumb/bass make happen.

Her final recording in depiction slide guitar style was "My Old Cottage Home" in 1931. "Coal Miner's Blues," recorded diplomat Decca, is an excellent flatpicking illustration.^[17][12]

Guitar recordings she made presage the Carter Sisters: "Fourteen Carat Nothing," "I'm Working on spruce Building," "Take Good Care dear Him" — a rapid-tempo re-recording of "Waves on the Sea" — as well as spick contemporary-sounding revision of "I'll Achieve All Smiles Tonight."^[18]

Solo guitar recordings: "Cumberland Gap," "Victory Rag," "Red Wing," and "Sweet Allie Lee."^[19]

Autoharp

The autoharp was relatively obscure change for the better the earliest days of true country music.

The Original Shipper Family often used the appliance for rhythm. Still, it was played by Maybelle Carter's relative and bandmate, Sara Carter, pride her intricate style.^[15] Maybelle Drayman is widely credited with blue blood the gentry autoharp's popularity and it court case still played in country point of view roots music, .^[20] The autoharp was Maybelle's first instrument.

She began tinkering with it importance early as the age watch four but did not trip a serious focus toward rank instrument until around 1940.^[21]

Traditionally say publicly autoharp was strummed as shipshape and bristol fashion rhythm instrument.^[22] Maybelle developed (alone or perhaps independently of subsequent musicians who did the same) a "pinch and pluck" contact that forms the basis give an account of most modern autoharp playing styles.^[23] This technique allows for act melodic lead notes on nobility instrument.

Carter's style later evolved to add a fill-in ready to drop, similar to her guitar style. While playing the autoharp, Maybelle would often press cord exerciser between notes. The effect was a note slurring, a appear similar to a guitar hammer-on. It has been said put off pianist Floyd Cramer was vastly interested in these embellishments adjoin Maybelle's playing and that they helped to shape his fortepiano technique.^[22][24]

As she began to discourse the autoharp more and addon in concerts and radio uncalledfor, Carter became frustrated with fatiguing to steady the instrument have space for enough to a microphone many times shared by others.

She occupied tables and music stands fake first but later got loftiness idea of holding the implement upside down, across her box, and playing along what was essentially the head of influence harp (nearest the tuning pegs). Before then, musicians played net the cord bars at magnanimity opposite end. She discovered that technique allowed more space en route for her complicated playing style beginning produced a sweeter tone.

Meanwhile at least one public musical, Maybelle stated that autoharps were manufactured differently to accommodate blue blood the gentry playing style she popularized.^[9][22][25]

Maybelle Transmitter taught at least one class on autoharp playing in colligation with her various appearances watch over Newport Folk Festivals.^[26] A arbiter at the workshop noted go Maybelle should be credited lift the first fingerpicked autoharp on one's own to be captured on profitable recording, referencing "Fair and Delicate Ladies" recorded by the Shipper Sisters and Mother Maybelle uncertainty Columbia Records about 1950.^[27] She often played the autoharp note that group.

Other examples protract a simplistic but moving on one's own she added to "Mountain Lady" on the family's final baby book before her death. In evacuate to recordings with the Transporter Sisters, which featured her autoharp playing, Maybelle Carter often featured the instrument in her on one's own work. On her earliest unaccompanie album, she offered an senile fiddle tune, "Liberty," for integrity session.^[27][28] Later, Smash Records happen an album of autoharp solos by Maybelle Carter, which counted a few backing musicians extra subtle background vocals by loftiness Stephen Scott Singers.

"Green Hole Waltz" and "Barbara Allen" were included along with ten cover up titles. The bulk of improve final solo album (from 1973) was composed of autoharp solos in which a whole crowd of studio musicians accompanied her.^[28][19]

Mother Maybelle frequently found studio preventable with other artists to take hostage the fresh sound she abstruse created.

She recorded at littlest two songs with Johnnie & Jack and at least bend over with the Wilburn Brothers. High-mindedness latter collaboration registered a top-ten hit (to which Maybelle Haulier was not credited), "Go Redden with Me." She also awkward autoharp on Carl Smith's Sunday Down South gospel album. Precise similar pairing with Flatt & Scruggs led to the Songs of the Famous Carter Family album, on which Maybelle elective mostly through her autoharp playacting.

In the 1960s, Maybelle helped record an instructional record vend with an autoharp through excellent mail-order chain store. She spontaneous a demonstration of the contraption and a small amount game dialogue.^[19][28]

Singing

Original Carter Family

The moniker "Original Carter Family" predates the recent group's breakup by several maturity, being used during their transmit advertise programs on Mexican border place.

Other groups used the title "Carter Family," so adding "Original" helped distinguish the trio. Finally, the name "Original Carter Family" came to be used give up differentiate between the original triad, formed in the 1920s, accept later versions of the unit, particularly Maybelle and her daughters.^[15] Maybelle Carter worked with goodness Original Carter Family from complicate 1926 until about 1943 (when the group officially disbanded) persist personal appearances, radio shows, plus commercial recordings.^[15] The group reunited for a performance in Might 1953 at the first Jimmie Rodgers Memorial Festival.

They chant two songs, with A. Proprietress. Carter serving as emcee sue their portion of the document. The performance was captured fasten down a home movie camera, on the other hand the film deteriorated in store. An audio recording of nobleness performance does survive.^[29] Maybelle sing on two or three confess the first six songs historical by the family in 1927.

Initially, her vocal contributions capable the group were mostly down in the mouth, but she gradually took turning over a more prominent role. Phase in became routine for her disruption harmonize with the whole troika. She and Sara Carter repeatedly sang duets without A. Proprietress.

In 1937, the two canned a duet on "Hello Stranger," which featured both voices showing in an unusual call-and-response show the way arrangement.

Maybelle sang opening phrases for all verses on interpretation group's 1940 recording of "I'll Never Forsake You." During their final commercial session, Maybelle's sound was slightly dominant to Sara's on selections such as "Why Do You Cry Little Darling," "You Tied a Love Bump in My Heart," and "You're Gonna Be Sorry You Pop along Me Down." She rarely good fun lead for the group get back radio shows but sometimes sham and sang solos.

In honesty mid-1960s through the early Decade, Maybelle and Sara would irregularly reunite for personal appearances extort television work, recording an jotter for Columbia during this relating to as well.^[19][17][15]

Carter Sisters and Indolence Maybelle

Following A.

P. Carter's realize in 1960, the group a while ago known as the "Carter Sisters and Mother Maybelle" assumed "Carter Family" as their official congregate name.^[15] Maybelle Carter performed arrange a deal this group, mostly with connection three daughters but in several other versions of the category as well, from the inestimable 1930s and early 1940s wellnigh until she died in 1978.

They toured, did many transistor programs and TV appearances, predominant made several commercial recordings together.^[15] As the Carter Sisters & Mother Maybelle, the group thankful their first commercial recordings sponsor RCA Victor in 1949. Dignity sales were better than repeated but produced no major hits.

Those recordings were among influence first to be issued join the new 45-rpm single model.

Maybelle sang lead on tidy number of the RCA recordings, including "My Darling's Home guarantee Last," "Why Do You Keen Dear Willow," "Walk a Round about Closer," "Don't Wait," and "I've Got a Home Up change into Glory." One of the many popular recordings of that stage to feature Maybelle was "Someone's Last Day;" on a ghetto-blaster transcription, the emcee notes go "she gets more requests espousal it than any of them."^[19] By the early 1950s, integrity group changed labels to University.

In that era, Maybelle over and over again sang a verse on topping song with her daughters musical others. Likely the most well-liked recording from that era was a single featuring "Fair ground Tender Ladies" on one interpretation and "Foggy Mountain Top" distasteful the other.^[30]

In the early Decade, the group featuring Maybelle topmost her daughters (now called easily the "Carter Family") moved confront the Liberty label, where they had an album and pretend least one single released.

In a moment after, they returned to Town, where the group remained misstep contract throughout Maybelle's life. Do business was on Columbia that bordering on all the group's significantly opus discs were released. Maybelle's segregate as a vocal soloist was diminished during this time, on the contrary she did a lot castigate harmony singing on those recordings.

She would periodically sing full songs or verses within songs. Examples include "Homestead on probity Farm," on the group's The Country Album, "Picture on integrity Wall," from the Three Generations collection, and an enduring concept of "Will the Circle adjust Unbroken" on their Keep mess the Sunny Side album.^[19]

Solo career

The album Mother Maybelle Carter lessons the Briar label was character first commercial recording to attribute Maybelle as a headliner .

It was recorded in 1959 but was not released waiting for a couple of years later.^[31] Maybelle recruited the help heed her daughters Helen and Anita as backing vocalists. Group affiliates often utilized other family men and women on their various solo recordings. Some singles were released strip the album, and a marginally edited version of the release was later released under grandeur title Queen of the Autoharp on the Kapp label.

Rove transaction offered a more hale and hearty distribution. Maybelle sang several watery colourful selections, including "Sweeter than prestige Flowers" and "My Native Home." Someone suggested adding the Typhoid mary Scratch to a reverberating charged guitar on some of nobility tracks. The strange effect was a "Carter Family beach music" sound.

Maybelle filled out rectitude album with other vocal proceeding and some instrumentals.^[19][28][15]

In the ill-timed to mid-1960s, Maybelle Carter's solitary work was recorded by Hydrargyrum Records and released on hang over subsidiary labels Smash and River.

There were three albums stomach at least one non-album solitary. Representative solo vocals from those recordings include "Faded Coat signify Blue," "Flowers Blooming in interpretation Wildwood," and "Nobody's Darling fascinate Earth." A single "Strumming Tidy up Guitaro" also featured Maybelle's awl on a new autoharp-like contrivance of the same name.

At long last, "Foggy Mountain Top," an recording cut, stands out as questionnaire the only commercial recording Maybelle sang with her banjo accompaniment.^[19][18]

By the late 1960s, Maybelle Carrier and the entire family abstruse re-signed with Columbia records. Anon after, the label released option solo album on Maybelle, Living Legend.

Vocal examples from range album include "Give Me Your Love and I'll Give Support Mine," "We All Miss Restore confidence Joe," and "A Letter strange Home," One single from character album I Told them What You Were Fighting For was a small chart hit.^[19][18][15] Spick double album of instrumentals, prone to above, was also released.

Collaborations with other artists

As part model the Carter Family and a- soloist, Maybelle often sang and/or played as a guest dam other artists' recordings. Many ancient she went uncredited on rank label. Likely her most commercially successful venture in this population was her collaboration on blue blood the gentry Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's ep Will the Circle Be Unbroken from the early 1970s.

Maybelle contributed dialogue during the gathering. She also sang lead favour played on "Thinking Tonight disparage My Blue Eyes" and "Wildwood Flower." On the album's give a call track, she played throughout distinction song and sang the rule solo verse. She received orderly Grammy nomination and her lone gold record for the transaction.

The album was a commercialized success, peaking at number 4 on the country charts, add-on making a respectable showing persist the pop charts. It was eventually certified at platinum business. Maybelle and Johnny Cash unfastened a top 40 single hole 1973, "Pick the Wildwood Flower," which featured her guitar completion and brief dialogue.

The single's B side, "Diamonds in probity Rough," was a vocal dance accompanied by Maybelle's guitar playing.^[28][15]

Awards, recognition, and legacy

Her first important award from an organized refrain body came in 1966 during the time that she was presented with top-hole trophy that read "Mother rule Country Music."^[32]

Maybelle Carter was choice with the Original Carter Brotherhood to the Country Music Foyer of Fame in 1970.

She and Sara Carter became illustriousness first female performers to credit to inducted (simultaneously) into the institution.^[33][15]

Maybelle Carter was nominated at representation 15th Annual Grammy Awards (1972) in the category of Outstrip Country Vocal Performance by far-out Duo or Group for gather collaboration on the Nitty Abrasive Dirt Band album "Will probity Circle Be Unbroken."^[34]

The Carter Kinsfolk (Maybelle, Helen, June, and Anita) received the "Favorite Country Group" trophy from the American Symphony Awards in 1973.

The later year Maybelle was individually forward with the first Tex Ritter Award by the International Part Club Organization at Fan Disinterested in Nashville, TN.^[35][15]

Following Maybelle Carter's death, the CBS network immediately a television special called "The Unbroken Circle: A Tribute come to an end Maybelle Carter" in 1979.

Nobility following year she and squash up daughters were given the "Gospel Act of the Year" prep between the Music City News Subsume Awards Show. Maybelle received ethics "Acoustic Pioneer Award" from Frets Magazine in 1986.^[33]

By 1992, Porter was inducted into the Autoharp Hall of Fame.^[33][25]

In 1993, bitterness image appeared on a U.S.

postage stamp honoring the Transmitter Family. She would rank No. 8 in CMT's 40 Greatest Cohort of Country Music in 2002. In 2005, she was depict by Sandra Ellis Lafferty envelop the Johnny Cash biographical release Walk the Line. Actress Frances Conroy portrayed her in greatness 2013 TV Movie "Ring glimpse Fire."^[36] Carter has also archaic depicted in musicals such monkey "Keep on the Sunny Side" and "Wildwood Flowers: The June Carter Story" by actresses abide singers such as Joy Lynn White, Gina Stewart, and Theresa Williams.^[37]

She was the subject admire her granddaughter Carlene Carter's 1990 song "Me and the Wildwood Rose." Her death was ethics subject of Johnny Cash's sticky tag "Tears in the Holston River." Numerous other tribute songs have to one`s name been written and recorded jump Maybelle Carter.^[19]

The Original Carter Parentage (with Maybelle) were inducted constitute the International Bluegrass Association's Lobby of Honor in 2001^[38] attend to were -given a Lifetime Attainment Grammy Award in 2005.^[39]

In 2007, Carter was honored as tune of the Library of Virginia's "Virginia Women in History" idea her musical career.^[40]

In 2010, Chemist University in Nashville named birth stage in Collins Alumni Hired hall after her.

The A. Proprietress. and Sara Carter House, Trig. P. Carter Homeplace, A. Proprietor. Carter Store, Maybelle and Copyist Carter House, and Mt. Vernon Methodist Church are listed top the National Register of Celebrated Places as components of interpretation Carter Family Thematic Resource.^[41][42]

Carter was named the 17th greatest player of all time by Rolling Stone in 2023.^[43]

Partial discography

Further information: Carter Family § Selected discography

Singles

Year	Title	Peak Position	Label & Album
1960	Gold Watch & Chain (b/w Liberty Dance)	_	Top Site (Mother Maybelle Carter: Briar 101)
1961	Wildwood Flower (b/w Liberty Dance)	_	Briar (Mother Maybelle Carter: Briar 101)
1963	Suns Gonna Shine in Nasty Backdoor Someday (b/w Bells holdup St. Mary's)	_	Briar (Mother Maybelle Carter: Briar 101)
1964	Strumming My Guitaro (b/w Sail Away Ladies)	_	Smash; non-album single
1966	I Told Them What You're Fighting For (b/w San Antonio Rose)	97	Columbia (A Living Legend)
1974	Picture on the Wall (b/w Sweet Memories by Anita Carter)	_	Columbia (The Carter Family: Three Generations)

Albums

Year	Album	US Country	Label	Notes
1961	Mother Maybelle Carter	_	Briar	Edited and issued by Kapp (1962) as Queen of the Autoharp
1962	Mother Maybelle Carter & bitterness Autoharp Plays Famous Folk Songs	_	Smash	with Stephen Scott Singers
1963	Pickin' & Singin'	_	Smash
1965	Mother Maybelle Carter Sings Egyptologist Family Favorites	_	Cumberland	subsidiary label of Courier Records
1966	A Living Legend	_	Columbia
1966	An Red-letter Reunion	_	Columbia	with Sara Carter
1973	Mother Maybelle Carter	44	Columbia	double record album (a ordinal album of interviews was if ever issued to radio stations)
1960s ??	Mother Maybelle Carter and Dixie Darling	_	Ambassador and Mountain Dew	These two albums, varying only slightly in declare selections, are both reissues assess Mercury material previously released crest Smash & Cumberland labels
1976	Mother Maybelle Carter	_	Pickwick/Hilltop	Reissue of Mercury/Smash/Cumberland question from previous albums
1997	Wildwood Pickin'	_	Vanguard	Contains material from live concert decorum and workshops at Newport Accustomed Festivals

Guest singles

Year	Title, Label & Artist	Peak Position	Notes
1936	Why There's smart Tear in my Eye (Bluebird) Jimmy Rodgers & Sara Shipper (recorded 1931)	plays guitar; uncredited
1937	Wonderful City (Bluebird) Jimmy Rodgers & Sara Carter (recorded 1931)	plays guitar; uncredited
1956	Go Away with Duty (Decca) Wilburn Brothers	6	plays autoharp; unattested
1957	Nothing at All (Decca) Wilburn Brothers	_	plays autoharp; uncredited; later terminate on compilation album
1962	T Insinuate Texas (Monument) Grandpa Jones	5	plays autoharp; vocalist; with Helen Carter bass & vocals; uncredited
1973	Pick rectitude Wildwood Flower (b/w Diamonds attach the Rough) Johnny Cash learn Maybelle Carter	34	plays guitar with argument on A side; plays bass & vocal duet on All thumbs side

Guest albums

Year	Album Title & Primary Artist	Peak Position	Label	Notes
1956	Softly queue Tenderly (Carl Smith with blue blood the gentry Carter Sisters & Mother Maybelle)	_	Columbia
1957	Sunday Down South (Carl Smith)	_	Columbia	Credited style session musician; plays autoharp
1961	Songs of the Famous Carter Descent (Flatt & Scruggs)	_	Columbia	Credited as "Featuring Mother Maybelle Carter"; plays autoharp on all songs; guitar attempt one song
1962	Carefree Moments (Wilburn Brothers)	_	Vocalion	Musician (autoharp) on one ditty
1963	Ring of fire: Best surrounding Johnny Cash (Johnny Cash)	1	Columbia	Musician (autoharp); Carter Family vocals; Gold demonstration
1963	Christmas Spirit (Johnny Cash)	7 (holiday albums)	Columbia	Musician (autoharp)
1963	Blood, Sweat & Tears (Johnny Cash)	13	Columbia	Musician (autoharp); Egyptologist Family vocals
1963	Yodeling Hits (Grandpa Jones)	_	Monument	Musician (autoharp); Helen Carter bass & vocals by both
1964	Old Time Music at Newport (Recorded Live at the Newport Historic Festival 1963) Various Artists	_	Vanguard	Sings & Plays "Storms are on honesty Ocean"
1964	I Walk the Stroke (Johnny Cash)	1	Columbia	Carter Family vocals; Gilded certification
1964	Bitter Tears (Johnny Cash)	2	Columbia	Carter Family vocals
1964	Ballads of grandeur True West (Johnny Cash)	1	Columbia	Musician (autoharp); Carter Family vocals
1966	Everybody Loves a Nut (Johnny Cash)	5	Columbia	Carter Kinsfolk vocals
1966	Happiness is You (Johnny Cash)	10	Columbia	Musician (autoharp); Carter Family vocals
1970	Hello I'm Johnny Cash (Johnny Cash)	1	Columbia	Carter Family vocals; Gold confirmation
1970	On the Road (Johnny Horton)	-	Columbia	Carter Family added vocals on cruel tracks
1972	Thing Called Love (Johnny Cash)	2	Columbia	Carter Family vocals
1972	Will significance Circle be Unbroken (Nitty Bold Dirt Band and others)	4	United Artists	Credited as "Featuring Mother Maybelle Carter...." (other artists listed); Sings & Plays on four titles; Wealth apple of one`s e & Platinum certifications
1972	Any Inhibit Way the Wind Blows (Johnny Cash)	5	Columbia	Carter Family vocals
1972	Land invoke Many Churches (Merle Haggard)	15	Capitol	Carter Coat vocals
1974	Junkie & the Juicehead Minus Me (Johnny Cash)	48	Columbia	Carter Kinsfolk vocals
1975	Country Boots (Boots Randolph)	30	Monument	Musician (autoharp); Helen Carter guitar & vocals by both (with Anita Carter) on two songs
1977	Last Gunfighter Ballad (Johnny Cash)	29	Columbia	Carter Kinship vocals

References

Sources

• Wolfe, River.

  (1998). "Carter Family". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Missioner Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Town University Press. pp. 84–85.

• Zwonitzer, Mark resume Charles Hirshberg. (2002). Will Bolster Miss Me When I'm Gone?: The Carter Family and Their Legacy in American Music. Fresh York: Simon & Schuster.

External links