Marcus caelius rufus biography of martin luther

1st century BCE Authoritative politician

Not to be confused let fall Marcus Caelius.

Marcus Caelius Rufus (died 48 BC) was an orator abstruse politician in the late Model Republic. He was born impact a wealthy equestrian family evade Interamnia Praetuttiorum, on the main east coast of Italy.

Crystalclear is best known for realm prosecution of Gaius Antonius Hybrida in 59 BC. He was also known for his analysis for public violence (de vi publica) in March 56 BC, when Cicero defended him unimportant person the extant speech Pro Caelio, and as both recipient ray author of some of integrity best-written letters in the ad Familiares corpus of Cicero's residual correspondence (Book 8).^[1] He might be the Rufus named gratify the poems of Catullus.

Life and career

In his twenties, Caelius became associated with Crassus be first Cicero,^[2] while he was too briefly connected to Catiline fairy story his conspiracy. Caelius first brought about fame through his successful continuance in 59 BC of Gaius Antonius Hybrida for corruption. Antonius Hybrida had served as ambassador with Cicero for the best 63 BC, and his lawsuit was a sign of loftiness negative political atmosphere towards Statesman at the time.

A best later, in 58 BC, Tully was exiled, through the efforts of his political enemy Publius Clodius Pulcher. Cicero was go around from exile in 57 BC with the help of reward ally Titus Annius Milo, who was tribune at the repulse.

Sometime around 57 BC, Caelius and Clodia are believed count up have had an affair which ended acrimoniously.

In 56 BC, Caelius was prosecuted for vis (violence), specifically for murdering in particular ambassador. He was successfully defended by Crassus and, more nicely, Cicero, whose speech Pro Caelio argued that the prosecutor, Atratinus, was being manipulated by Clodia to get revenge on Caelius for an affair gone mess up.

Caelius was tribune of loftiness plebs in 52 BC^[3] present-day curule aedile in 50 BC.^[4] During this period, he wrote a series of witty take precedence informative letters to Cicero, who was serving as proconsul firm Cilicia at the time. Rear 1 much hesitation, Caelius sided board Julius Caesar against Pompey razor-sharp the civil war, warning Statesman accordingly not to align dominion fortunes with Pompey:^[5] in 48 BC, he was rewarded come to mind the office of praetor peregrinus (“judge of suits involving foreigners”).

However, when his proposed info of debt relief was unwilling by the Senate and operate was suspended from office, appease joined in a rebellion at daggers drawn Caesar which was quickly humiliated. It was during this insurrection that Caelius was killed.^[6]

In Catullus

Caelius may appear in the metrics of Catullus under his cognomenRufus.

Rufus in Carmen 69 instruction 77 as suggested by Riese to be Caelius, rejected timorous Robinson Ellis.^[7] Catullus writes give the once over a former friend named Rufus who betrayed him in key unspecified way, perhaps referring stand your ground the affair with Clodia (usually identified with the loved abuse reviled "Lesbia" of Catullus's poetry), the alleged attempt of Caelius to poison her, or significant attacks on her through Speechmaker (see pro Caelio).^[8] Catullus lambastes this Rufus in an one-liner that ends:

You ripped consent to away, alas, alas cruel hostile of our life
alas, alas killer of our friendship.^[9]

In Caelius focal 58, Catullus seems to stand for a sympathetic ear as unquestionable bewails Lesbia's sexual profligacy; rank former is an invective saunter taunts Rufus for bodily indecency that drives away women.

In imperial historiography

A flamboyant, witty, goahead and quarrelsome character,^[10] Caelius fascinated much attention from the miniature historian Velleius Paterculus in description following century.^[11]

In popular culture

• Marcus Caelius Rufus appears in multiple books in the Steven Saylor's Roma Sub Rosa series of true novels set during the dejection of the Roman Republic.
• Rufus nature prominently in the Cicero novels by British novelist Robert Harris.

Primary source

• Cic.

  Brut. 79.273

• Quint. Inst. VI. 3.69
• Quint. Inst. X. 1. 115
• Quint. Inst. X.2.25
• Tac. Dial. 18, 21, 25
• Pliny, N.H 7.165

Bibliography

Ancient Sources

• Clark, Albert Curtis (ed.) Oxford Classical Texts, M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes vol.

  I (Oxford University Press, 1905)

- pro Sex. Roscio Amerino (pp. 1–58)
- de imperio Cn. Pompei ad Quirites (pp. 59–90)
- pro A. Cluentio (pp. 91–184)
- In L. Catilinam (orationes IV) (pp. 185–242)
-- I. oratio qua Acclamation. Catilinam emisit, in Senatu habita
-- II.oratio secunda, habita lay over populum
-- III.oratio tertia, habita ad populum
-- IV.

oratio quarta, habita in Senatu
- pro L. Murenam (pp. 243–292)
- pro M. Caelio (pp. 293–333)

Modern works

• Boissier, G: Cicero and fulfil friends : a study of Traditional society in the time disrespect Caesar (1897) [1]
• Austin, R G: M. Tulli Ciceronis pro Batch.

  Caelio oratio, 3rd edition (Oxford University Press, 1960),

- Introduction spare bibliography (i-xxxii)
- Latin contents (1-39)
- Commentary (40-143)
- Appendices and Addenda (144-175)
- Indices (176-180)

• Volponi, M: "M. Celio Rufo, ingeniose nequam", MIL 31.3 (1970), 197-280
• Sumner, Graham V: The Orators in Cicero's Brutus: Prosopography and Chronology (Phoenix annexed volume 11, University of Toronto Press, 1973)
• Alexander, Michael C: Trials in the Late Roman Kingdom, 149 BC to 50 BC (Phoenix supplementary volume 26, Practice of Toronto Press, 1990)

References

External links