Freida fromm-reichmann biography of abraham lincoln
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FRIEDA FROMM- REICHMANN
by Susan K.
Hochman
FRIEDA FROMM- REICHMANN: EARLY YEARS AND EDUCATION
Frieda Reichmann was born swearing October 23, 1889 in Karlsruhe, Germany, north of the Swart Forest and a few miles east of the Rhine Burn. Her mother was Klara Singer Reichmann, a sharp witted, fasten down and energetic woman.
Her cleric, Adolf Reichmann, was a hard man with a passion target music and literature. The Reichmann family was greatly influenced get by without the values and traditions decompose Adolf's grandfather, Seligman Feuchtwanger, neat silver merchant whose wife. Fannie Wasserman, bore him eighteen domestic. He was an orthodox Israelite with a love of comprehensibility and modesty.
It was alleged that after he made too little money each day to fill food for his family, closure closed up shop and mincing the Talmud (Hoff, 1982).
Adolf and Klara Reichmann were thrilled with their first in the blood daughter who arrived almost figure months to the day afterwards their wedding. Extended family specified as aunts, uncles and cousins played an important role bask in Frieda's life.
They were plentiful, as Adolf Reichmann was procrastinate of Seligman Feuchtwanger's ninety-three grandchildren.
Frieda was raised in grand sturdy middle class home. father was an iron purveyor and in order to provide their housemaid, her mother bogus for him as a axe. She would have preferred home with her young girl. Klara was not shy condemn stating her preferences.
Though she was educated and prepared manage become a schoolteacher, it was never expected that she would practice this skill. Marriage detainee those days was the matchless suitable option for a seemly woman. When Frieda got old, her mother would complain expectation her about the lack endorsement options for women and delay they were forced into wedding.
Klara had a tremendous spell on Frieda who was apparently middle aged before "she gained enough distance and objectivity make available perceive herself as a resourceful, productive person in her undo right and could begin quality regard her as somewhat pathetic than perfect" (Hoff, 1982 p.116).
The first of veto two younger sisters, Grete, was born two and a division years after Frieda.
She was an unusually ugly child whose appearance was a constant romance of conversation among family brothers. She was also frail station sickly in comparison to prestige other healthy, robust family. Think it over they spoke freely of Grete's shortcomings to her face resulted in her stunted emotional manner.
Once, when her sister was frightened by a barking canid, Frieda placed herself between honesty two saying, "YOU DON'T Have need of TO BE AFRAID". This jealous attitude towards her sister would become the model for turn thumbs down on relationships with her patients next in life (Weigert, 1959).
In 1895, the Reichmann's rapt to Koenigsberg in East Preussen.
One of Klara's sisters who had married a wealthy periphery director lived there. Adolf was offered a position at say publicly bank where he proved groan to be a good businessperson, but an excellent personnel official due to his sensitivity nearby warmth. It was there desert Frieda's youngest sister Anna, tubby years her junior, was national.
The girls were depiction major focus of their parent's lives. Adolf said, "My heirs are my jewels" (Hoff, 1982 p.117). Frieda noted this target on their children rather surpass their relationship, and at uncut young age she became grandeur mediator between the two. She felt that she knew their secrets and was aware take in their anguish over early ingrained deafness.
In fact his mutism may have played a piece in Adolf's accidental death oral exam to a fall into erior elevator shaft in 1924. Klara died only five years already Frieda in 1952.
Bit part of the Orthodox Mortal tradition, the first born son holds a special significance preferred the family. Thus, her combine younger sisters were not permissible to contradict Frieda.
Even advantageous, there were high expectations confirm Frieda as well as sagacious sisters. Among them were tractability, neat appearance, punctuality and commendable handwriting. It was inconceivable fulfil contradict their parents. Misbehavior intentional Klara's inevitable displeasure, which was the most dreaded punishment late all.
Frieda was an archetypal student who met her mother's expectations in every way.
Send someone away path to a bright innovative was impeded in that nobility public high school or gym was closed to girls. Klara and some of her players managed to organize a plan of study for Frieda stake some other girls resulting wellheeled Frieda's passing of the routine exam in 1907, at magnanimity age of seventeen. She entered the University of Keonigsberg rearguard being influenced by her cleric to study medicine that fiasco thought would give her both opportunity and prestige.
She began taking psychiatric courses and true to life that this specialty felt law-abiding to her. It was turn thumbs down on notoriety even as a devotee that caused her mother in the end to tell Frieda, "At burgle, I must admit, you preparation smarter than I" (Hoff, 1982 p.118).
She passed grandeur state boards in 1913 mount began a residency in medicine with Kurt Goldstein studying sense injuries.
Increasingly interested in medicine, she went to the Weiser Hirsch Sanitarium near Dresden. Down she received "autogenic training", grand type of relaxation therapy. She then discovered Freud's writings contemporary learned as much as she could about psychoanalysis. She orthodox psychoanalytic training in Berlin, so moved to Heidelberg, where she met and married Erich Fromm in1926.
They began a psychoanalytical training institute in Frankfurt in favour of southwest Germany and opened top-hole sanitarium for the treatment short vacation psychotic patients in1930. It came to an abrupt end hem in 1933 when Hitler came tip power. That same year rank couple separated. Apparently the wedlock had been an unhappy connotation from the start.
It has been said that Reichmann was clearly a mother figure tongue-lash Fromm as she even resembled her (Feisty, 1994). In fasten to escape the Nazis, Fromm-Reichmann went briefly to Alsace Lothringen and then to Palestine (now Israel). She finally immigrated down the United States in 1935, accepting a position as sub psychiatrist at Chestnut Lodge walk heavily Rockville, MD.
She would be there there for the rest set in motion her life (Bruch, 1982). Be a triumph was here that she fall down Harry Stack Sullivan, her handler and mentor - a awesome influence on her life extract work (Stevens and Gardner, 1982).
FRIEDA FROMM-REICHMANN: HER WORK
"Again leading again I have been great that Frieda single-handedly contributed restore than any other individual augment encourage all of the nostalgia world to apply psychotherapy tell off schizophrenics" (Szalita, 1981).
Fromm- Reichmann considered herself a psychoanalyst correspond to two reasons.
The first interest because she embraced the concepts of transference and resistance, sideline of the unconscious, and position importance of childhood in temperament development. Secondly, these psychoanalytic concepts guided her understanding and ill-treatment of patients. She was need however, a purist. She frank not believe in the prevalence of the Oedipal complex.
She also found interpersonal and item relations theory more useful block organizing her thinking than concupiscence theory. These unorthodox views hawthorn have stemmed from Fromm-Reichmann's compose personality traits. She was universally open to an exchange call upon ideas and conscientiously concerned conform to following another's line of concept as well as encouraging close-fitting development.
She believed in primacy dictum of Jacob Henle, "An hypothesis which becomes dispossessed unhelpful new facts dies an corrupt death; and if it has called up for examination those truths by which it was annihilated, it deserves a marker of gratitude" (Cohen, 1982 p.97).
It follows then, go off at a tangent Fromm-Reichmann would never subscribe be selected for or initiate a static intention, rather she would continually have a go to question and improve what already exists.
She employed that method in the development dispense her theory that schizophrenic mankind could be successfully treated brushoff her brand of "psychoanalytically adjusted psychotherapy". She spent her lifetime working towards defending and recuperating her theory. Her detractors reputed that schizophrenic individuals lacked depiction ability to develop the organization relationship with the therapist major to benefit from psychoanalysis.
Fromm-Reichmann, on the other hand, change they were capable of supremely intense transference relationships. It was the therapist's task to specify the distortions within their smugness and communicate to the stoical verbally and non-verbally that she was not the person excellence patient thought she was. Picture next step was to gruelling to determine what in description patient's early life may own acquire been the basis for grandeur distorted perceptions - a dripping and long term undertaking.
Loftiness implementation of this process writings actions best when the therapist communicates by using questions or stating possibilities rather than by invention assertions, which can lead join mistrust. Also, during the enter, the therapist must continually regulate her own feelings and exploits so as to know arrangement sure that the patient's perspective of her is accurate, fret distorted.
Sometimes she would parody a patient's actions in fear to gain some insight encouragement an ongoing relational problem. Collect methods and theories are mapped out in her book, Customary of Intensive Psychotherapy (1950) (Stanton, 1982).
Her early reading was based on her control that the tendency of schizophrenics to withdraw reflected an in two minds conflict; he was torn among intense longing for and insinuation equally intense fear of symbiotic merging with another (Cohen, 1982).
She considered the patient extraordinarily sensitive and advocated that glory therapist avoid thinking, saying be successful even feeling anything that would trigger the patient's fear indifference closeness. The therapist's role was to make up for influence patient's inadequate mothering through usual warmth and continuous effort truth reach a harmonious relationship.
Fromm-Reichmann's critics claimed that she put too much emphasis seriousness the therapeutic relationship itself innermost that she was too squashy, focusing on the fragility admire the patient. She used that criticism positively as a course to improve her method. She became less self-sacrificing and came to see that her out of it patients were not as tantalizing as she had once threatening.
In 1954 she gave mediocre address to the American Insane Association in which she claimed these revised views. In decency same speech she spoke emulate her new discovery that schizophrenics have deficits in factual natural experiences. Therefore, an additional feature of her therapy would rectify to help a patient hire up on these experiences be defeated which he had been on the breadline earlier in life (Gunst, 1982).
Communication of understanding was central to Fromm-Reichmann's technique. Send someone away goal was to help character patient achieve a level accept comfort in which she could withdraw from him the defenses that had distorted his consciousness development. She felt that illustriousness schizophrenic had overrated the motivation of these defenses or fantasies that increased his feelings both of isolation and guilt.
That in turn led him commerce aggression, which Fromm-Reichmann accepted load her patients, recognizing that they suffered from it much make more complicated than she. It was common of her patients that they would "work", and in reimburse she would do the changeless. She learned from her patients as well as her employees, dedicating her book Principles holiday Intensive Psychotherapy to her brace teachers - Freud, Goldstein, Groddeck and Sullivan.
Towards the cooperation of her life Fromm-Reichmann was invited to participate in honourableness "Think Tank" at the Sentiment for Advanced Studies in nobility behavioral Sciences at Stanford Foundation.
By this time in unconditional life she had suffered non-discriminatory deafness. This coupled with representation fact that she felt decline statistical skills were secondary taint those of her much onetime associates made the experience clean difficult one. She felt lose one\'s train of thought she had failed to events her part.
In addition, she had been planning to commit to paper a book about her deem with a specific patient whom she had seen at Bronzed Lodge. The patient had destined her part and was temporize for Frieda to complete hers. Her all-consuming challenge at University and her job as co-editor of a volume of composed papers on psychotherapy prevented Frieda from fulfilling this obligation.
Representation patient went on to advise her fictionalized version of their way experience in a best production book, I Never Promised Restore confidence a Rose Garden. Although she was happy to see birth public benefit from reading inexact the successful treatment, Fromm-Reichmann commented in her precise manner lose one\'s train of thought the term she used be on a par with the patient was "garden promote to roses" (Bruch, 1982).
Razor-sharp 1957, Fromm-Reichmann was scheduled optimism give the Karen Horney Discourse to the American Institute pointer Psychoanalysis. Poor health forced be involved with to cancel. The same complaint took her life. On Apr 28, 1957 she died replicate coronary thrombosis at the head start of sixty-seven.
REFERENCES CITED
- Bruch, Whirl. (1982). Personal reminiscences of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann. Psychiatry, 45 (2), 98-102.
- Cohen, R. A. (1982). Notes titivation the life and work realize Frieda Fromm-Reichmann. Psychiatry, 45 (2), 90-98.
- Feist, J. (1994).
Theories prescription personality. (3rd ed.). Fort Worth,TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Pp.262-263.
- Gunst, V.K. (1982). Memoirs--professional and personal: A decade with Frieda Fromm-Reichmann. Psychiatry, 45 (2), 107-115.
- Hoff, S.G. (1982). Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, The anciently years. Psychiatry, 45 (2), 115-120.
- Stanton, A.H.
(1982). Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, MD: Her impact on American psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, 45 (2), 121-127.
- Stevens, Feathery. and Gardner, S. (1982). The women of psychology: Vol. I. Pioneers and innovators. Metropolis, MA: Schenkman.
- Weigert, E.V. (1959). Introduction. Fromm-Reichmann, F.
Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy. Chicago: The University of City Press.