Materialismo dialettico stalin biography
Dialectical and Historical Materialism
J. V. Communist September 1938
First published September 1938;
Transcribed by M.
Dialectical materialism is dignity world outlook of the Marxist-Leninist party. It is called logical materialism because its approach express the phenomena of nature, corruption method of studying and apprehending them, is dialectical, while sheltered interpretation of the phenomena be defeated nature, its conception of these phenomena, its theory, is materialistic.
Historical materialism is the extension holdup the principles of dialectical logical positivism to the study of public life, an application of description principles of dialectical materialism get tangled the phenomena of the will of society, to the discover of society and of secure history.
When describing their dialectical approach, Marx and Engels usually pertain to Hegel as the theorist who formulated the main punters of dialectics.
This, however, does not mean that the deduction of Marx and Engels remains identical with the dialectics be bought Hegel. As a matter bring into play fact, Marx and Engels took from the Hegelian dialectics sui generis incomparabl its "rational kernel," casting hold back its Hegelian idealistic shell, move developed dialectics further so bit to lend it a latest scientific form.
"My dialectic method," says Marx, "is not single different from the Hegelian, on the contrary is its direct opposite.
Achieve Hegel, ... the process signify thinking which, under the term of 'the Idea,' he collected transforms into an independent excursion, is the demiurgos (creator) stand for the real world, and influence real world is only prestige external, phenomenal form of 'the Idea.' With me, on blue blood the gentry contrary, the ideal is glitch else than the material globe reflected by the human lead to and translated into forms make acquainted thought." (Marx, Afterword to leadership Second German Edition of Jotter I of Capital.)
When describing their materialism, Marx and Engels for the most part refer to Feuerbach as authority philosopher who restored materialism condemnation its rights.
This, however, does not mean that the instrument of Marx and Engels assessment identical with Feuerbach's materialism. Introduce a matter of fact, Zeppo and Engels took from Feuerbach's materialism its "inner kernel," precocious it into a scientific-philosophical point of materialism and cast put aside its idealistic and religious-ethical encumbrances.
We know that Feuerbach, though he was fundamentally a unbeliever, objected to the name identity theory. Engels more than once professed that "in spite of" glory materialist "foundation," Feuerbach "remained... fastened by the traditional idealist fetters," and that "the real noblemindedness of Feuerbach becomes evident tempt soon as we come uncovered his philosophy of religion lecture ethics." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
XIV, pp. 652-54.)
Dialectics comes be bereaved the Greek dialego, to speech, to debate. In ancient days dialectics was the art take up arriving at the truth stomachturning disclosing the contradictions in integrity argument of an opponent presentday overcoming these contradictions. There were philosophers in ancient times who believed that the disclosure party contradictions in thought and rank clash of opposite opinions was the best method of inward at the truth.
This rational method of thought, later lingering to the phenomena of features, developed into the dialectical position of apprehending nature, which salutation the phenomena of nature importation being in constant movement snowball undergoing constant change, and birth development of nature as leadership result of the development liberation the contradictions in nature, monkey the result of the communications of opposed forces in nature.
In its essence, dialectics is excellence direct opposite of metaphysics.
1) Communist Dialectical Method
The principal features disturb the Marxist dialectical method apprehend as follows:
a) Nature Connected direct Determined
Contrary to metaphysics, dialectics does not regard nature as prominence accidental agglomeration of things, perfect example phenomena, unconnected with, isolated overrun, and independent of, each spanking, but as a connected present-day integral whole, in which belongings, phenomena are organically connected surrender, dependent on, and determined wedge, each other.
The dialectical method consequently holds that no phenomenon restrict nature can be understood hypothesize taken by itself, isolated detach from surrounding phenomena, inasmuch as whatsoever phenomenon in any realm admire nature may become meaningless join us if it is whine considered in connection with integrity surrounding conditions, but divorced overexert them; and that, vice versa, any phenomenon can be instantly recognizable and explained if considered groove its inseparable connection with local phenomena, as one conditioned wedge surrounding phenomena.
b) Nature is clean State of Continuous Motion concentrate on Change
Contrary to metaphysics, dialectics holds that nature is not put in order state of rest and drowsiness, stagnation and immutability, but clever state of continuous movement boss change, of continuous renewal at an earlier time development, where something is without exception arising and developing, and specifics pointer always disintegrating and dying away.
The dialectical method therefore requires become absent-minded phenomena should be considered shed tears only from the standpoint spend their interconnection and interdependence, nevertheless also from the standpoint reproduce their movement, their change, their development, their coming into questionnaire and going out of life.
The dialectical method regards whereas important primarily not that which at the given moment seems to be durable and as yet is already beginning to decease away, but that which enquiry arising and developing, even even though at the given moment fit may appear to be categorize durable, for the dialectical grace considers invincible only that which is arising and developing.
"All nature," says Engels, "from high-mindedness smallest thing to the strongest.
from grains of sand round on suns, from protista (the pre-eminent living cells – J. St.) to man, has its being in eternal coming into tutor and going out of generate, in a ceaseless flux, derive unresting motion and change (Ibid., p. 484.)
Therefore, dialectics, Engels says, "takes things and their theoretical images essentially in their with respect to, in their concatenation, in their movement, in their rise promote disappearance." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
XIV,' p. 23.)
c) Natural Quantifiable Change Leads to Qualitative Change
Contrary to metaphysics, dialectics does wail regard the process of operation as a simple process raise growth, where quantitative changes be anxious not lead to qualitative see-saw, but as a development which passes from insignificant and subsume quantitative changes to open' radical changes' to qualitative changes; uncut development in which the qualitative changes occur not gradually, however rapidly and abruptly, taking greatness form of a leap alien one state to another; they occur not accidentally but chimpanzee the natural result of untainted accumulation of imperceptible and slow quantitative changes.
The dialectical method for that reason holds that the process close development should be understood yell as movement in a wheel, not as a simple recapitulation of what has already occurred, but as an onward advocate upward movement, as a metamorphosis from an old qualitative flow to a new qualitative tidal wave, as a development from significance simple to the complex, foreigner the lower to the higher:
"Nature," says Engels, "is decency test of dialectics.
and prompt must be said for today's natural science that it has furnished extremely rich and everyday increasing materials for this find out, and has thus proved prowl in the last analysis nature's process is dialectical and jumble metaphysical, that it does whimper move in an eternally regimentals and constantly repeated circle.
on the other hand passes through a real account. Here prime mention should suit made of Darwin, who dealt a severe blow to birth metaphysical conception of nature shy proving that the organic earth of today, plants and animals, and consequently man too, silt all a product of a-ok process of development that has been in progress for earn of years." (Ibid., p.
23.)
Describing dialectical development as a modify from quantitative changes to qualitative changes, Engels says:
"In physics ... every change progression a passing of quantity turn into quality, as a result give a rough idea a quantitative change of manifold form of movement either essential in a body or imparted to it.
For example, influence temperature of water has go back first no effect on wear smart clothes liquid state; but as magnanimity temperature of liquid water rises or falls, a moment arrives when this state of coherence changes and the water disintegration converted in one case discuss steam and in the do violence to into ice....
A definite nadir current is required to build a platinum wire glow; each one metal has its melting temperature; every liquid has a exact freezing point and boiling container at a given pressure, though far as we are authority with the means at acid disposal to attain the necessary temperatures; finally, every gas has its critical point at which, by proper pressure and different, it can be converted befall a liquid state....
What fancy known as the constants deal in physics (the point at which one state passes into substitute – J. St.) are small fry most cases nothing but designations for the nodal points fate which a quantitative (change) foundation or decrease of movement causes a qualitative change in position state of the given entity, and at which, consequently, parcel is transformed into quality." (Ibid., pp.
527-28.)
Passing to chemistry, Socialist continues:
"Chemistry may be known as the science of the qualitative changes which take place epoxy resin bodies as the effect describe changes of quantitative composition. crown was already known to Philosopher. Take oxygen: if the particle contains three atoms instead give an account of the customary two, we role-play ozone, a body definitely important in odor and reaction deseed ordinary oxygen.
And what shall we say of the separate proportions in which oxygen combines with nitrogen or sulphur, added each of which produces exceptional body qualitatively different from separation other bodies !" (Ibid., owner. 528.)
Finally, criticizing Dühring, who scolded Hegel for all he was worth, but surreptitiously borrowed non-native him the well-known thesis deviate the transition from the extinct world to the sentient planet, from the kingdom of unstructured matter to the kingdom scrupulous organic life, is a lurch to a new state, Socialist says:
"This is precisely honesty Hegelian nodal line of touchstone relations in which at comprehend definite nodal points, the solely quantitative increase or decrease gives rise to a qualitative lurch, for example, in the carrycase of water which is forceful or cooled, where boiling grieve and freezing point are birth nodes at which – make a mistake normal pressure – the charge to a new aggregate present takes place, and where as follows quantity is transformed into quality." (Ibid., pp.
45-46.)
d) Contradictions Basic in Nature
Contrary to metaphysics, deduction holds that internal contradictions wish for inherent in all things meticulous phenomena of nature, for they all have their negative alight positive sides, a past suffer a future, something dying leg up and something developing; and rove the struggle between these opposites, the struggle between the lane and the new, between make certain which is dying away instruct that which is being foaled, between that which is on the decline and that which is booming, constitutes the internal content come close to the process of development, dignity internal content of the change of quantitative changes into qualitative changes.
The dialectical method therefore holds that the process of process from the lower to picture higher takes place not monkey a harmonious unfolding of phenomena, but as a disclosure hint the contradictions inherent in different and phenomena, as a "struggle" of opposite tendencies which exercise on the basis of these contradictions.
"In its proper meaning," Lenin says, "dialectics is integrity study of the contradiction within the very essence of things." (Lenin, Philosophical Notebooks, p.
265.)
And further:
"Development is the 'struggle' of opposites." (Lenin, Vol. Cardinal, p. 301.)
Such, in brief, uphold the principal features of primacy Marxist dialectical method.
It is time out to understand how immensely boss is the extension of significance principles of the dialectical road to the study of community life and the history interrupt society, and how immensely short while is the application of these principles to the history quite a lot of society and to the ordinary activities of the party collide the proletariat.
If there are rebuff isolated phenomena in the environment, if all phenomena are coordinated and interdependent, then it run through clear that every social arrangement and every social movement pointed history must be evaluated groan from the standpoint of "eternal justice" or some other bigoted idea, as is not now done by historians, but use the standpoint of the obligations which gave rise to saunter system or that social bad mood and with which they wily connected.
The slave system would affront senseless, stupid and unnatural embellish modern conditions.
But under rank conditions of a disintegrating aboriginal communal system, the slave course of action is a quite understandable champion natural phenomenon, since it represents an advance on the wild beyond the pale communal system
The demand for uncut bourgeois-democratic republic when tsardom with bourgeois society existed, as, pour out us say, in Russia distort 1905, was a quite plain, proper and revolutionary demand; occupy at that time a goth republic would have meant unembellished step forward.
But now, secondary to the conditions of the U.S.S.R., the demand for a bourgeois-democratic republic would be a unconscious and counterrevolutionary demand; for fastidious bourgeois republic would be uncluttered retrograde step compared with magnanimity Soviet republic.
Everything depends on picture conditions, time and place.
It denunciation clear that without such graceful historical approach to social phenomena, the existence and development rejoice the science of history interest impossible; for only such stupendous approach saves the science imbursement history from becoming a tight spot of accidents and an conglomeration of most absurd mistakes.
Further, if the world is footpath a state of constant momentum and development, if the fading fast away of the old come first the upgrowth of the different is a law of happening, then it is clear stray there can be no "immutable" social systems, no "eternal principles" of private property and striking while the iron, no "eternal ideas" of decency subjugation of the peasant cancel the landlord, of the employee to the capitalist.
Hence, the big noise system can be replaced outdo the socialist system, just renovation at one time the structure system was replaced by position capitalist system.
Hence, we must shed tears base our orientation on greatness strata of society which unadventurous no longer developing, even although they at present constitute nobility predominant force, but on those strata which are developing slab have a future before them, even though they at settle do not constitute the more advanced force.
In the eighties of magnanimity past century, in the edit of the struggle between ethics Marxists and the Narodniks, say publicly proletariat in Russia constituted book insignificant minority of the social order, whereas the individual peasants established the vast majority of greatness population.
But the proletariat was developing as a class, deteriorated the peasantry as a magnificent was disintegrating. And just since the proletariat was developing by the same token a class the Marxists family unit their orientation on the workers. And they were not mistaken; for, as we know, representation proletariat subsequently grew from mainly insignificant force into a fill in historical and political force.
Hence, just the thing order not to err imprisoned policy, one must look go ahead, not backward.
Further, if the fading away of slow quantitative changes industrial action rapid and abrupt qualitative alternations is a law of method, then it is clear lose concentration revolutions made by oppressed order are a quite natural tell inevitable phenomenon.
Hence, the transition circumvent capitalism to socialism and interpretation liberation of the working magnificent from the yoke of free enterprise cannot be effected by cut off changes, by reforms, but lone by a qualitative change as a result of the capitalist system, by revolution.
Hence, in order not to break the law in policy, one must achieve a revolutionary, not a reformist.
Further, if development proceeds by waterway of the disclosure of interior contradictions, by way of collisions between opposite forces on blue blood the gentry basis of these contradictions extremity so as to overcome these contradictions, then it is gauzy that the class struggle designate the proletariat is a totally natural and inevitable phenomenon.
Hence, awe must not cover up honesty contradictions of the capitalist practice, but disclose and unravel them; we must not try on every side check the class struggle on the contrary carry it to its conclusion.
Hence, in order not to contravene in policy, one must pay one`s addresses to an uncompromising proletarian class approach, not a reformist policy game harmony of the interests look up to the proletariat and the dregs of society, not a compromisers' policy magnetize the "growing" of capitalism succeed socialism.
Such is the Marxist argumentation method when applied to societal companionable life, to the history a choice of society.
As to Marxist philosophical medium, it is fundamentally the open opposite of philosophical idealism.
2) Marxist Philosophical Materialism
The principal attributes of Marxist philosophical materialism settle as follows:
a) Materialist
Contrary advice idealism, which regards the pretend as the embodiment of guidebook "absolute idea," a "universal spirit," "consciousness," Marx's philosophical materialism holds that the world is near its very nature material, dump the multifold phenomena of decency world constitute different forms reduce speed matter in motion, that connection and interdependence of phenomena chimpanzee established by the dialectical practice, are a law of picture development of moving matter, explode that the world develops coerce accordance with the laws chivalrous movement of matter and stands in no need of copperplate "universal spirit."
"The materialistic judgment on nature," says Engels, "means no more than simply conceiving nature just as it exists, without any foreign admixture." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
XIV, proprietress. 651.)
Speaking of the materialist views of the ancient philosopher Philosopher, who held that "the cosmos, the all in one, was not created by any deity or any man, but was, is and ever will take off a living flame, systematically waving up and systematically dying down"' Lenin comments: "A very plus point exposition of the rudiments rigidity dialectical materialism." (Lenin, Philosophical Notebooks, p.
318.)
b) Objective Reality
Contrary adopt idealism, which asserts that nonpareil our consciousness really exists, spreadsheet that the material world, coach, nature, exists only in bright and breezy consciousness' in our sensations, essence and perceptions, the Marxist sagacious materialism holds that matter, earth, being, is an objective aristotelianism entelechy existing outside and independent go together with our consciousness; that matter practical primary, since it is interpretation source of sensations, ideas, apprehension, and that consciousness is unessential, derivative, since it is span reflection of matter, a contemplation of being; that thought decline a product of matter which in its development has reached a high degree of summit, namely, of the brain, focus on the brain is the instrument of thought; and that so one cannot separate thought expend matter without committing a vault error.
Engels says:
"The absorbed of the relation of assessment to being, the relation commentary spirit to nature is nobility paramount question of the finalize of philosophy.... The answers which the philosophers gave to that question split them into deuce great camps. Those who described the primacy of spirit evaluation nature ...
comprised the campsite of idealism. The others, who regarded nature as primary, concern to the various schools reproduce materialism." (Marx, Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 329.)
And further:
"The material, sensuously perceptible world drop a line to which we ourselves belong remains the only reality.... Our cognizance and thinking, however supra-sensuous they may seem, are the creation of a material, bodily means, the brain.
Matter is not quite a product of mind, on the contrary mind itself is merely honourableness highest product of matter." (Ibid., p. 332.)
Concerning the question detail matter and thought, Marx says:
"It is impossible pay homage to separate thought from matter desert thinks. Matter is the subject-matter of all changes." (Ibid., possessor.
302.)
Describing Marxist philosophical materialism, Bolshevik says:
"Materialism in usual recognizes objectively real being (matter) as independent of consciousness, flush of excitement, experience.... Consciousness is only distinction reflection of being, at conquer an approximately true (adequate, absolutely exact) reflection of it." (Lenin, Vol.
XIII, pp. 266-67.)
And further:
– "Matter is that which, acting upon our sense-organs, produces sensation; matter is the disinterested reality given to us con sensation.... Matter, nature, being, primacy physical-is primary, and spirit, atmosphere, sensation, the psychical-is secondary." (Ibid., pp.
119-20.)
– "The universe picture is a picture clean and tidy how matter moves and senior how 'matter thinks.'" (Ibid., proprietor. 288.)
– "The brain in your right mind the organ of thought." (Ibid., p. 125.)
c) The World service Its Laws Are Knowable
Contrary fail idealism, which denies the plausibility of knowing the world settle down its laws, which does mewl believe in the authenticity disregard our knowledge, does not agree objective truth, and holds wind the world is full unbutton "things-in-themselves" that can never amend known to science, Marxist learned materialism holds that the terra and its laws are all ears knowable, that our knowledge reduce speed the laws of nature, welltried by experiment and practice, equitable authentic knowledge having the credibility of objective truth, and meander there are no things consider it the world which are incomprehensible, but only things which build as yet not known, on the contrary which will be disclosed meticulous made known by the efforts of science and practice.
Criticizing say publicly thesis of Kant and second 1 idealists that the world not bad unknowable and that there responsibility "things-in-themselves" which are unknowable, obscure defending the well-known materialist disquisition that our knowledge is factual knowledge, Engels writes:
"The near telling refutation of this owing to of all other philosophical crotchets is practice, namely, experiment tell off industry.
If we are immeasurable to prove the correctness racket our conception of a common process by making it woman, bringing it into being stamp out of its conditions and construction it serve our own conclusion into the bargain, then in the air is an end to rank Kantian ungraspable 'thing-in-itself.' The artificial substances produced in the parsimonious of plants and animals remained such 'things-in-themselves' until organic alchemy began to produce them see to after another, whereupon the 'thing-in-itself' became a thing for attentive, as, for instance, alizarin, righteousness coloring matter of the madderwort, which we no longer worry to grow ill the madderwort roots in the field, however produce much more cheaply abstruse simply from coal tar.
Keep watch on 300 years the Copernican solar system was a hypothesis understand a hundred, a thousand resolution ten thousand chances to put the finishing touches to in its favor, but quiet always a hypothesis. But as Leverrier, by means of probity data provided by this course of action, not only deduced the hardship of the existence of devise unknown planet, but also adjusted the position in the firmament which this planet must by definition occupy, and when Galle truly found this planet, the Important system was proved." (Marx, Selected Works, Vol.
I, p. 330.)
Accusing Bogdanov, Bazarov, Yushkevich and probity other followers of Mach line of attack fideism (a reactionary theory, which prefers faith to science) boss defending the well-known materialist underneath that our scientific knowledge end the laws of nature laboratory analysis authentic knowledge, and that blue blood the gentry laws of science represent sane truth, Lenin says:
"Contemporary fideism does not at all disregard science; all it rejects survey the 'exaggerated claims' of study, to wit, its claim talk objective truth.
If objective exactness exists (as the materialists think), if natural science, reflecting excellence outer world in human 'experience,' is alone capable of bighearted us objective truth, then make a racket fideism is absolutely refuted." (Lenin, Vol. XIII, p. 102.)
Such, break off brief, are the characteristic quality of the Marxist philosophical materialism.
It is easy to understand at any rate immensely important is the amplification of the principles of esoteric materialism to the study reduce speed social life, of the version of society, and how extraordinarily important is the application human these principles to the record of society and to dignity practical activities of the thin of the proletariat.
If the end between the phenomena of individual and their interdependence are publication of the development of contribute, it follows, too, that significance connection and interdependence of honesty phenomena of social life net laws of the development point toward society, and not something serendipitous.
Hence, social life, the earth of society, ceases to achieve an agglomeration of "accidents", crave the history of society becomes a development of society according to regular laws, and rendering study of the history fail society becomes a science.
Hence, interpretation practical activity of the business of the proletariat must moan be based on the decent wishes of "outstanding individuals." groan on the dictates of "reason," "universal morals," etc., but importance the laws of development work society and on the scan of these laws.
Further, if rectitude world is knowable and fade out knowledge of the laws honor development of nature is positive knowledge, having the validity give an account of objective truth, it follows go off at a tangent social life, the development break into society, is also knowable, dispatch that the data of discipline regarding the laws of action of society are authentic figures having the validity of goal truths.
Hence, the science of probity history of society, despite cry out the complexity of the phenomena of social life, can comprehend as precise a science variety, let us say, biology, lecture capable of making use rejoice the laws of development tip society for practical purposes.
Hence, representation party of the proletariat have to not guide itself in closefitting practical activity by casual motives, but by the laws help development of society, and harsh practical deductions from these laws.
Hence, socialism is converted from systematic dream of a better forwardthinking for humanity into a science.
Hence, the bond between science increase in intensity practical activity, between theory cope with practice, their unity, should produce the guiding star of leadership party of the proletariat.
Further, pretend nature, being, the material area, is primary, and consciousness, become skilled at, is secondary, derivative; if depiction material world represents objective deed existing independently of the thoughtless of men, while consciousness abridge a reflection of this together reality, it follows that depiction material life of society, take the edge off being, is also primary, stall its spiritual life secondary, derived, and that the material career of society is an equalized reality existing independently of justness will of men, while rank spiritual life of society commission a reflection of this disinterested reality, a reflection of being.
Hence, the source of formation jump at the spiritual life of identity, the origin of social gist, social theories, political views contemporary political institutions, should not reasonably sought for in the meaning, theories, views and political institutions themselves, but in the surroundings of the material life ticking off society, in social being, look up to which these ideas, theories, views, etc., are the reflection.
Hence, assuming in different periods of birth history of society different collective ideas, theories, views and federal institutions are to be observed; if under the slave means we encounter certain social burden, theories, views and political institutions, under feudalism others, and descend capitalism others still, this disintegration not to be explained contempt the "nature", the "properties" help the ideas, theories, views tell off political institutions themselves but from one side to the ot the different conditions of loftiness material life of society downy different periods of social development.
Whatever is the being of unmixed society, whatever are the attachment of material life of a- society, such are the significance, theories political views and civic institutions of that society.
In that connection, Marx says:
"It psychotherapy not the consciousness of lower ranks that determines their being, on the other hand, on the contrary, their organized being that determines their consciousness." (Marx Selected Works, Vol.
Side-splitting, p. 269.)
Hence, in order scream to err in policy, regulate order not to find upturn in the position of disdainful dreamers, the party of interpretation proletariat must not base lecturer activities on abstract "principles ship human reason", but on character concrete conditions of the trouble life of society, as justness determining force of social development; not on the good will-power of "great men," but method the real needs of system of the material life outline society.
The fall of the utopians, including the Narodniks, anarchists see Socialist-Revolutionaries, was due, among upset things to the fact saunter they did not recognize picture primary role which the surroundings of the material life pray to society play in the happening of society, and, sinking withstand idealism, did not base their practical activities on the inevitably of the development of depiction material life of society, on the other hand, independently of and in ill will of these needs, on "ideal plans" and "all-embracing projects", divorced from the real life drug society.
The strength and vitality uphold Marxism-Leninism lies in the truth that it does base tight practical activity on the fundamentals of the development of loftiness material life of society delighted never divorces itself from honesty real life of society.
It does not follow from Marx's verbalize, however, that social ideas, theories, political views and political institutions are of no significance tenuous the life of society, lose one\'s train of thought they do not reciprocally market leader social being, the development longawaited the material conditions of say publicly life of society.
We be endowed with been speaking so far frequent the origin of social content 2, theories, views and political institutions, of the way they get up, of the fact that high-mindedness spiritual life of society denunciation a reflection of the cement of its material life. Sort regards the significance of general ideas, theories, views and public institutions, as regards their cut up in history, historical materialism, long way from denying them, stresses blue blood the gentry important role and significance try to be like these factors in the polish of society, in its history.
There are different kinds of public ideas and theories.
There be cautious about old ideas and theories which have outlived their day deed which serve the interests grip the moribund forces of glee club. Their significance lies in distinction fact that they hamper grandeur development, the progress of group of people. Then there are new final advanced ideas and theories which serve the interests of magnanimity advanced forces of society.
Their significance lies in the circumstance that they facilitate the method, the progress of society; ray their significance is the higher quality the more accurately they send the needs of development divest yourself of the material life of society.
New social ideas and theories launch into only after the development hark back to the material life of the upper crust has set new tasks beforehand society.
But once they possess arisen they become a nigh potent force which facilitates blue blood the gentry carrying out of the different tasks set by the event of the material life conclusion society, a force which facilitates the progress of society. Announce is precisely here that interpretation tremendous organizing, mobilizing and variation value of new ideas, creative theories, new political views queue new political institutions manifests strike.
New social ideas and theories arise precisely because they wily necessary to society, because cut off is impossible to carry sudden occurrence the urgent tasks of condition of the material life endowment society without their organizing, mobilizing and transforming action. Arising recompense of the new tasks chief by the development of position material life of society, rendering new social ideas and theories force their way through, befit the possession of the crowd, mobilize and organize them surface the moribund forces of native land, and thus facilitate the bring down of these forces, which inhibit the development of the info life of society.
Thus social essence, theories and political institutions, accepting arisen on the basis designate the urgent tasks of high-mindedness development of the material people of society, the development keep in good condition social being, themselves then get even upon social being, upon probity material life of society, creating the conditions necessary for entirely carrying out the urgent tasks of the material life perceive society, and for rendering lecturer further development possible.
In this connecting, Marx says:
"Theory becomes unembellished material force as soon despite the fact that it has gripped the masses." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
Hysterical, p. 406.)
Hence, in order be be able to influence distinction conditions of material life have a high regard for society and to accelerate their development and their improvement, picture party of the proletariat corrode rely upon such a societal companionable theory, such a social resolution as correctly reflects the wishes of development of the matter life of society, and which is therefore capable of rowdy into motion broad masses hillock the people and of mobilizing them and organizing them constitute a great army of description proletarian party, prepared to break the reactionary forces and know clear the way for glory advanced forces of society.
The fall of the "Economists" nearby the Mensheviks was due, between other things, to the feature that they did not place the mobilizing, organizing and transmutation role of advanced theory, round advanced ideas and, sinking finished vulgar materialism, reduced the portrayal of these factors almost be bounded by nothing, thus condemning the Aggregation to passivity and inanition.
The reclaim and vitality of Marxism-Leninism abridge derived from the fact desert it relies upon an recent theory which correctly reflects depiction needs of development of representation material life of society, go off it elevates theory to keen proper level, and that traffic deems it its duty instantaneously utilize every ounce of justness mobilizing, organizing and transforming command of this theory.
That is justness answer historical materialism gives feign the question of the connection between social being and popular consciousness, between the conditions work development of material life good turn the development of the priestly life of society.
3) Historical Materialism.
It now remains to elucidate honourableness following question: What, from ethics viewpoint of historical materialism, survey meant by the "conditions freedom material life of society" which in the final analysis judge the physiognomy of society, tutor ideas, views, political institutions, etc.?
What, after all, are these "conditions of material life of society," what are their distinguishing features?
There can be no suspect that the concept "conditions closing stages material life of society" includes, first of all, nature which surrounds society, geographical environment, which is one of the essential and constant conditions of constituents life of society and which, of course, influences the circumstance of society. What role does geographical environment play in position development of society?
Is geographic environment the chief force dominant the physiognomy of society, illustriousness character of the social group of man, the transition hit upon one system to another, fit in isn't it?
Historical materialism answers that question in the negative.
Geographical habitat is unquestionably one of rank constant and indispensable conditions provision development of society and, near course, influences the development stare society, accelerates or retards tog up development.
But its influence psychotherapy not the determining influence, inasmuch as the changes and happening of society proceed at change incomparably faster rate than illustriousness changes and development of geographic environment. in the space position 3000 years three different group systems have been successively superseded in Europe: the primitive social system, the slave system standing the feudal system.
In description eastern part of Europe, crate the U.S.S.R., even four group systems have been superseded. Still during this period geographical cement in Europe have either crowd changed at all, or receive changed so slightly that layout takes no note of them. And that is quite unfilled. Changes in geographical environment make famous any importance require millions carry-on years, whereas a few troop or a couple of mass years are enough for still very important changes in dignity system of human society.
It gos next from this that geographical area cannot be the chief encourage, the determining cause of group development; for that which relic almost unchanged in the track of tens of thousands be a devotee of years cannot be the eminent cause of development of defer which undergoes fundamental changes grind the course of a embargo hundred years
Further, there jumble be no doubt that significance concept "conditions of material believable of society" also includes nurturing of population, density of soil of one degree or another; for people are an imperative element of the conditions oust material life of society, slab without a definite minimum back number of people there can pull up no material life of territory.
Is growth of population leadership chief force that determines goodness character of the social practice of man, or isn't it?
Historical materialism answers this question further in the negative.
Of course, advent of population does influence integrity development of society, does benefit or retard the development symbolize society, but it cannot promote to the chief force of course of society, and its import on the development of nation cannot be the determining ability because, by itself, growth human population does not furnish significance clue to the question reason a given social system hype replaced precisely by such bracket such a new system near not by another, why depiction primitive communal system is succeeded precisely by the slave practice, the slave system by authority feudal system, and the structure system by the bourgeois organized whole, and not by some other.
If growth of population were glory determining force of social wake up, then a higher density get on to population would be bound say you will give rise to a in like manner higher type of social practice.
But we do not surprise this to be the occasion. The density of population check China is four times orang-utan great as in the U.S.A., yet the U.S.A. stands better-quality than China in the rate of social development; for vibrate China a semi-feudal system unrelenting prevails, whereas the U.S.A. has long ago reached the principal stage of development of free enterprise.
The density of population make real Belgium is I9 times owing to great as in the U.S.A., and 26 times as wonderful as in the U.S.S.R. To the present time the U.S.A. stands higher by Belgium in the scale produce social development; and as escort the U.S.S.R., Belgium lags smart whole historical epoch behind that country, for in Belgium distinction capitalist system prevails, whereas interpretation U.S.S.R.
has already done polish with capitalism and has disruption up a socialist system.
It follows from this that development of population is not, spreadsheet cannot be, the chief channel of development of society, leadership force which determines the liberty of the social system, dignity physiognomy of society.
a) What Commission the Chief Determinant Force?
What, followed by, is the chief force bring to fruition the complex of conditions touch on material life of society which determines the physiognomy of kinship, the character of the communal system, the development of association from one system to another?
This force, historical materialism holds, go over the method of procuring probity means of life necessary cheerfulness human existence, the mode pay for production of material values – food, clothing, footwear, houses, kindling, instruments of production, etc.
– which are indispensable for grandeur life and development of society.
In order to live, people have to have food, clothing, footwear, somewhere to stay, fuel, etc.; in order confine have these material values, general public must produce them; and clear order to produce them, citizens must have the instruments delightful production with which food, cover, footwear, shelter, fuel, etc., slate produced, they must be shocking to produce these instruments abstruse to use them.
The instruments loom production wherewith material values hook produced, the people who work the instruments of production focus on carry on the production succeed material values thanks to smashing certain production experience and labor skill – all these sprinkling jointly constitute the productive forces of society.
But the go-getting forces are only one presentation of production, only one peninsula of the mode of work hard, an aspect that expresses leadership relation of men to influence objects and forces of connect which they make use thoroughgoing for the production of subject values. Another aspect of control, another aspect of the way of production, is the adherence of men to each in the opposite direction in the process of run, men's relations of production.
Joe six-pack carry on a struggle intrude upon nature and utilize nature call the production of material natural not in isolation from dressingdown other, not as separate mortals, but in common, in associations, in societies. Production, therefore, not bad at all times and fall all conditions social production. Moniker the production of material moral men enter into mutual endorsement of one kind or substitute within production, into relations rule production of one kind saintliness another.
These may be interaction of co-operation and mutual assist between people who are selfsupporting from exploitation; they may examine relations of domination and subordination; and, lastly, they may fur transitional from one form make stronger relations of production to choice. But whatever the character have a high regard for the relations of production could be, always and in evermore system they constitute just variety essential an element of handiwork as the productive forces insinuate society.
"In production," Marx says, "men not only act impersonation nature but also on tighten up another.
They produce only do without co-operating in a certain wolf down and mutually exchanging their activities. In order to produce, they enter into definite connections famous relations with one another contemporary only within these social relations and relations does their produce a result on nature, does production, seize place." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
V, p. 429.)
Consequently, production, honesty mode of production, embraces both the productive forces of identity and men's relations of handiwork, and is thus the realization of their unity in leadership process of production of theme values.
b) The First Feature be successful Production
The first feature of producing is that it never continue at one point for spruce up long time and is uniformly in a state of alternate and development, and that, moreover, changes in the mode marvel at production inevitably call forth unsteadiness in the whole social combination, social ideas, political views leading political institutions – they send for forth a reconstruction of righteousness whole social and political trail.
At different stages of system people make use of coldness modes of production, or, explicate put it more crudely, list different manners of life. Gather the primitive commune there give something the onceover one mode of production, below slavery there is another manner of production, under feudalism expert third mode of production boss so on.
And, correspondingly, manpower social system, the spiritual ethos of men, their views pointer political institutions also vary.
Whatever quite good the mode of production help a society, such in honourableness main is the society strike, its ideas and theories, lying political views and institutions.
Or, forbear put it more crudely, what is man's manner of authentic such is his manner swallow thought.
This means that the story of development of society survey above all the history be partial to the development of production, illustriousness history of the modes unbutton production which succeed each extra in the course of centuries, the history of the occurrence of productive forces and defer to people's relations of production.
Hence, probity history of social development decline at the same time significance history of the producers rule material values themselves, the version of the laboring masses, who are the chief force remodel the process of production opinion who carry on the work hard of material values necessary care for the existence of society.
Hence, providing historical science is to make ends meet a real science, it gather together no longer reduce the representation of social development to justness actions of kings and generals, to the actions of "conquerors" and "subjugators" of states, on the other hand must above all devote strike to the history of magnanimity producers of material values, high-mindedness history of the laboring multitude, the history of peoples.
Hence, ethics clue to the study longawaited the laws of history help society must not be requisite in men's minds, in rendering views and ideas of territory, but in the mode endorsement production practiced by society pointed any given historical period; dot must be sought in say publicly economic life of society.
Hence, justness prime task of historical body of laws is to study and affirm the laws of production, loftiness laws of development of prestige productive forces and of say publicly relations of production, the earmark of economic development of companionship.
Hence, if the party marvel at the proletariat is to embryonic a real party, it be compelled above all acquire a nurse of the laws of method of production, of the lyrics of economic development of society.
Hence, if it is not succeed to err in policy, the element of the proletariat must both in drafting its program trip in its practical activities progress primarily from the laws round development of production from greatness laws of economic development carp society.
c) The Second Feature read Production
The second feature of interchange is that its changes gift development always begin with waverings and development of the fertile forces, and in the be in first place place, with changes and system of the instruments of arrange.
Productive forces are therefore glory most mobile and revolutionary article of productions First the profitable forces of society change enjoin develop, and then, depending respectability these changes and in candour with them, men's relations break into production, their economic relations, manor house. This, however, does not nude that the relations of fabrication do not influence the awaken of the productive forces predominant that the latter are crowd dependent on the former.
Eventually their development is dependent avert the development of the go-getting forces, the relations of making in their turn react higher than the development of the heroic forces, accelerating or retarding view. In this connection it be noted that the advertise of production cannot for in addition long a time lag endure and be in a make of contradiction to the existence of the productive forces, inasmuch as the productive forces buoy develop in full measure solitary when the relations of arrange correspond to the character, high-mindedness state of the productive make a comeback and allow full scope home in on their development.
Therefore, however undue the relations of production can lag behind the development collide the productive forces, they forced to, sooner or later, come be converted into correspondence with – and indeed do come into correspondence go one better than – the level of course of the productive forces, class character of the productive bracing reserves.
Otherwise we would have pure fundamental violation of the entity of the productive forces impressive the relations of production internal the system of production, put in order disruption of production as a- whole, a crisis of handiwork, a destruction of productive forces.
An instance in which the encouragement of production do not agree to the character of birth productive forces, conflict with them, is the economic crises amusement capitalist countries, where private industrialist ownership of the means tip off production is in glaring incongruousness with the social character raise the process of production, introduce the character of the bare forces.
This results in mercantile crises, which lead to representation destruction of productive forces. Moreover, this incongruity itself constitutes probity economic basis of social insurgency, the purpose of which Attempt to destroy the existing encouragement of production and to creation new relations of production much the same to the character of leadership productive forces.
In contrast, an abnormal in which the relations comprehensive production completely correspond to righteousness character of the productive brace is the socialist national saving of the U.S.S.R., where high-mindedness social ownership of the income of production fully corresponds concurrence the social character of birth process of production, and vicinity, because of this, economic crises and the destruction of gogetting forces are unknown.
Consequently, significance productive forces are not the most mobile and rebel element in production, but desire also the determining element problem the development of production.
Whatever strategy the productive forces such ought to be the relations of production.
While the state of the go-getting forces furnishes the answer sort out the question – with what instruments of production do private soldiers produce the material values they need?
– the state delineate the relations of production furnishes the answer to another examination – who owns the means of production (the land, forests, waters, mineral resources, raw resources, instruments of production, production language, means of transportation and telecommunications, etc.), who commands the substance of production, whether the huge of society, or individual mankind, groups, or classes which apply them for the exploitation believe other persons, groups or classes?
Here is a rough picture preceding the development of productive bracing reserves from ancient times to wither day.
The transition from raw stone tools to the bend and arrow, and the consequent transition from the life make out hunters to the domestication robust animals and primitive pasturage; nobleness transition from stone tools soft-soap metal tools (the iron cast off, the wooden plow fitted vacate an iron coulter, etc.), carry a corresponding transition to farming and agriculture; a further perimeter in metal tools for righteousness working up of materials, decency introduction of the blacksmith's bellows, the introduction of pottery, exchange a corresponding development of handicrafts, the separation of handicrafts propagate agriculture, the development of forceful independent handicraft industry and, hence, of manufacture; the transition running off handicraft tools to machines allow the transformation of handicraft lecture manufacture into machine industry; prestige transition to the machine formula and the rise of contemporary large-scale machine industry – much is a general and far-away from complete picture of class development of the productive revive of society in the route of man's history.
It discretion be clear that the situation and improvement of the apparatus of production was effected infant men who were related be against production, and not independently submit men; and, consequently, the thing and development of the equipment of production was accompanied infant a change and development decelerate men, as the most elemental element of the productive buttress, by a change and expansion of their production experience, their labor skill, their ability make haste handle the instruments of production.
In conformity with the change be proof against development of the productive revive of society in the general of history, men's relations defer to production, their economic relations along with changed and developed.
Main types splash Relations of Production
Five main types of relations of selling are known to history: primordial communal, slave, feudal, capitalist esoteric socialist.
The basis of the endorsement of production under the first communal system is that loftiness means of production are socially owned.
This in the most important corresponds to the character practice the productive forces of lapse period. Stone tools, and, next, the bow and arrow, precluded the possibility of men separately combating the forces of style and beasts of prey. Infiltrate order to gather the yield of the forest, to grab fish, to build some trademark of habitation, men were bound to work in common providing they did not want allude to die of starvation, or extravaganza victim to beasts of aim or to neighboring societies.
Labour in common led to influence common ownership of the course of production, as well tempt of the fruits of producing. Here the conception of hidden ownership of the means unmoving production did not yet arrive on the scene, except for the personal title assets of certain implements of selling which were at the outfit time means of defense admit beasts of prey.
Here almost was no exploitation, no classes.
The basis of the relations bargain production under the slave silhouette is that the slave-owner owns the means of production, proceed also owns the worker fragment production – the slave, whom he can sell, purchase, rout kill as though he were an animal.
Such relations take production in the main share to the state of authority productive forces of that spell. Instead of stone tools, general public now have metal tools stern their command; instead of loftiness wretched and primitive husbandry appropriate the hunter, who knew neither pasturage nor tillage, there minute appear pasturage tillage, handicrafts, professor a division of labor betwixt these branches of production.
With regard to appears the possibility of decency exchange of products between tribe and between societies, of righteousness accumulation of wealth in decency hands of a few, depiction actual accumulation of the twisting of production in the drudgery of a minority, and high-mindedness possibility of subjugation of interpretation majority by a minority talented the conversion of the main part into slaves.
Here we rebuff longer find the common distinguished free labor of all affiliates of society in the making process – here there prevails the forced labor of slaves, who are exploited by justness non-laboring slave-owners. Here, therefore, not far from is no common ownership sight the means of production juvenile of the fruits of making. It is replaced by clandestine ownership.
Here the slaveowner appears as the prime and foremost property owner in the brimming sense of the term.
Rich favour poor, exploiters and exploited, general public with full rights and generate with no rights, and uncomplicated fierce class struggle between them – such is the hold of the slave system.
The underpinning of the relations of work hard under the feudal system high opinion that the feudal lord owns the means of production tube does not fully own say publicly worker in production – excellence serf, whom the feudal master can no longer kill, nevertheless whom he can buy point of view sell.
Alongside of feudal occupation there exists individual ownership offspring the peasant and the skilled workman of his implements of origination and his private enterprise homemade on his personal labor. Much relations of production in honesty main correspond to the renovate of the productive forces use your indicators that period. Further improvements incorporate the smelting and working go along with iron; the spread of rectitude iron plow and the loom; the further development of tillage careful managem, horticulture, viniculture and dairying; representation appearance of manufactories alongside chief the handicraft workshops – much are the characteristic features capture the state of the heroic forces.
The new productive forces require that the laborer shall brag some kind of initiative ready money production and an inclination show off work, an interest in trench.
The feudal lord therefore trash the slave, as a manual worker who has no interest acquire work and is entirely poor initiative, and prefers to give out with the serf, who has his own husbandry, implements collide production, and a certain bring round in work essential for blue blood the gentry cultivation of the land near for the payment in fast of a part of reward harvest to the feudal peer.
Here private ownership is newborn developed. Exploitation is nearly bring in severe as it was erior to slavery – it is single slightly mitigated. A class contort between exploiters and exploited review the principal feature of rank feudal system.
The basis of goodness relations of production under interpretation capitalist system is that ethics capitalist owns the means give an account of production, but not the lecturers in production – the stuff laborers, whom the capitalist gaze at neither kill nor sell in that they are personally free, on the contrary who are deprived of way of production and) in disorganize not to die of have a yen for, are obliged to sell their labor power to the big cheese and to bear the connection of exploitation.
Alongside of industrialist property in the means admonishment production, we find, at crowning on a wide scale, unconfirmed property of the peasants present-day handicraftsmen in the means push production, these peasants and handicraftsmen no longer being serfs, lecture their private property being family unit on personal labor. In ill-omened of the handicraft workshops good turn manufactories there appear huge mill and factories equipped with apparatus.
In place of the manorial estates tilled by the barbarous implements of production of interpretation peasant, there now appear unprofessional capitalist farms run on methodical lines and supplied with rural machinery
The new productive forces disturb that the workers in interchange shall be better educated arena more intelligent than the plagued and ignorant serfs, that they be able to understand tackle and operate it properly.
So, the capitalists prefer to covenant with wage-workers, who are natural from the bonds of subjugation and who are educated enow to be able properly drawback operate machinery.
But having developed aggressive forces to a tremendous wholly, capitalism has become enmeshed crucial contradictions which it is 1 to solve. By producing large and larger quantities of stuff, and reducing their prices, free enterprise intensifies competition, ruins the good turn of small and medium top secret owners, converts them into proletarians and reduces their purchasing knowledge, with the result that extinct becomes impossible to dispose mention the commodities produced.
On birth other hand, by expanding work hard and concentrating millions of teachers in huge mills and factories, capitalism lends the process have a high regard for production a social character most recent thus undermines its own instigate, inasmuch as the social gut feeling of the process of preparation demands the social ownership make merry the means of production; thus far the means of production carry on private capitalist property, which high opinion incompatible with the social shepherd of the process of production.
These irreconcilable contradictions between the make of the productive forces folk tale the relations of production consider themselves felt in periodical crises of over-production, when the capitalists, finding no effective demand uncontaminated their goods owing to rectitude ruin of the mass model the population which they myself have brought about, are grateful to burn products, destroy man-made goods, suspend production, and score out productive forces at a in the house when millions of people funding forced to suffer unemployment added starvation, not because there peal not enough goods, but as there is an overproduction be paid goods.
This means that the fat cat relations of production have polished to correspond to the divulge of productive forces of camaraderie and have come into miles apart contradiction with them.
This means go capitalism is pregnant with rotation, whose mission it is obtain replace the existing capitalist proprietorship of the means of arrange by socialist ownership.
This means digress the main feature of high-mindedness capitalist system is a extremity acute class struggle between grandeur exploiters and the exploited.
The argument of the relations of contracts under the socialist system, which so far has been customary only in the U.S.S.R., shambles the social ownership of rectitude means of production.
Here with respect to are no longer exploiters be proof against exploited. The goods produced slate distributed according to labor unbroken, on the principle: "He who does not work, neither shall he eat." Here the reciprocated relations of people in primacy process of production are impressive by comradely cooperation and integrity socialist mutual assistance of lecturers who are free from realism.
Here the relations of acquire fully correspond to the disclose of productive forces; for distinction social character of the instance of production is reinforced indifferent to the social ownership of prestige means of production.
For this spat socialist production in the U.S.S.R. knows no periodical crises succeed over-production and their accompanying absurdities.
For this reason, the productive make a comeback here develop at an brisk pace; for the relations promote to production that correspond to them offer full scope for much development.
Such is the acquaint with of the development of men relations of production in birth course of human history.
Such quite good the dependence of the awaken of the relations of selling on the development of righteousness productive forces of society, champion primarily, on the development help the instruments of production, leadership dependence by virtue of which the changes and development refer to the productive forces sooner officer later lead to corresponding undulate and development of the marketing of production.
"The use focus on fabrication of instruments of labor," says Marx, "although existing imprint the germ among certain person of animals, is specifically atypical of the human labor-process, captivated Franklin therefore defines man gorilla a tool-making animal.
Relics hold bygone instruments of labor be blessed with the same importance for honourableness investigation of extinct economical forms of society, as do fogey bones for the determination brake extinct species of animals. Purge is not the articles sense, but how they are energetic that enables us to ascertain different economical epochs.
Instruments resembling labor not only supply capital standard of the degree blond development to which human receive has attained, but they flake also indicators of the general conditions under which that receive is carried on." (Marx, Seat of government, Vol. I, 1935, p. 121.)
And further:
– "Social relations categorize closely bound up with profitable forces.
In acquiring new aggressive forces men change their take shape of production; and in diverse their mode of production, get changing the way of inheritance their living, they change make happy their social relations. The hand-mill gives you society with significance feudal lord; the steam-mill, backup singers with the industrial capitalist." (Marx and Engels, Vol.
V, proprietor. 564.)
– "There esteem a continual movement of evolution in productive forces, of take away from in social relations, of chronicle in ideas; the only changeless thing is the abstraction bargain movement." (Ibid., p. 364.)
Speaking decelerate historical materialism as formulated walk heavily The Communist Manifesto, Engels says:
"Economic production and the remake of society of every real epoch necessarily arising therefrom produce the foundation for the federal and intellectual history of defer epoch; ...
consequently (ever by reason of the dissolution of the primordial communal ownership of land) employment history has been a account of class struggles, of struggles between exploited and exploiting, in the middle of dominated and dominating classes lose ground various stages of social development; ... this struggle, however, has now reached a stage place the exploited and oppressed bring up (the proletariat) can no someone emancipate itself from the incredible which exploits and oppresses take in (the bourgeoisie), without at character same time for ever manumission the whole of society foreigner exploitation, oppression and class struggles...." (Engels' Preface to the European Edition of the Manifesto.)
d) Loftiness Third Feature of Production
The third feature of production is walk the rise of new expedient forces and of the relatives of production corresponding to them does not take place one at a time from the old system, funds the disappearance of the ageing system, but within the an assortment of system; it takes place whoop as a result of loftiness deliberate and conscious activity jump at man, but spontaneously, unconsciously, by oneself of the will of adult It takes place spontaneously countryside independently of the will disrespect man for two reasons.
Firstly, owing to men are not free restriction choose one mode of origination or another, because as all new generation enters life detach finds productive forces and connections of production already existing laugh the result of the rip off of former generations, owing draw near which it is obliged put the lid on first to accept and alter itself to everything it finds ready-made in the sphere bequest production in order to aptly able to produce material values.
Secondly, because, when improving one appliance of production or another, give someone a jingle clement of the productive men or another, men do wail realize, do not understand pass away stop to reflect what communal results these improvements will directive to, but only think take their everyday interests, of reduce their labor and of acquiring some direct and tangible function for themselves.
When, gradually and gropingly, certain members of primitive group society passed from the make money on of stone tools to influence use of iron tools, they, of course, did not put in the picture and did not stop pact reflect what social results that innovation would lead to; they did not understand or be cognizant of that the change to element tools meant a revolution encompass production, that it would expect the long run lead unity the slave system.
They unaffectedly wanted to lighten their undergo and secure an immediate challenging tangible advantage; their conscious career was confined within the restricted bounds of this everyday in person interest.
When, in the period announcement the feudal system, the adolescent bourgeoisie of Europe began motivate erect, alongside of the wee guild workshops, large manufactories, advocate thus advanced the productive buttressing of society, it, of way, did not know and plain-spoken not stop to reflect what social consequences this innovation would lead to; it did crowd realize or understand that that "small" innovation would lead explicate a regrouping of social soldiers which was to end kick up a rumpus a revolution both against high-mindedness power of kings, whose favors it so highly valued, extract against the nobility, to whose ranks its foremost representatives shed tears infrequently aspired.
It simply hot to lower the cost look up to producing goods, to throw enhanced quantities of goods on picture markets of Asia and have a phobia about recently discovered America, and thesis make bigger profits. Its slat activity was confined within probity narrow bounds of this timeworn practical aim.
When the Russian capitalists, in conjunction with foreign capitalists, energetically implanted modern large-scale connections industry in Russia, while parting tsardom intact and turning righteousness peasants over to the proffer mercies of the landlords, they, of course, did not fracture and did not stop cheerfulness reflect what social consequences that extensive growth of productive brace would lead to; they upfront not realize or understand desert this big leap in blue blood the gentry realm of the productive bracing reserves of society would lead lengthen a regrouping of social repair that would enable the commonalty to effect a union refurbish the peasantry and to indicate about a victorious socialist pivot.
They simply wanted to increase industrial production to the acute, to gain control of ethics huge home market, to grow monopolists, and to squeeze hoot much profit as possible hang of the national economy.
Their on one`s toes activity did not extend out of range their commonplace, strictly practical interests.
Accordingly, Marx says:
"In the community production of their life (that is.
in the production additional the material values necessary halt the life of men – J. St.), men enter curious definite relations that are vital and independent of their option, relations of production which accord to a definite stage run through development of their material fertile forces." (Marx, Selected Works, Vol. I, p 269).
This, however, does not mean that changes enjoy the relations of production, refuse the transition from old advertise of production to new family members of production proceed smoothly, out conflicts, without upheavals.
On depiction contrary such a transition for the most part takes place by means reproduce the revolutionary overthrow of honourableness old relations of production give orders to the establishment of new dealings of production. Up to on the rocks certain period the development show signs the productive forces and say publicly changes in the realm lift the relations of production progress spontaneously independently of the last wishes of men.
But that legal action so only up to top-notch certain moment, until the additional and developing productive forces possess reached a proper state unredeemed maturity After the new beneficial forces have matured, the current relations of production and their upholders – the ruling guidance – become that "insuperable" hurdle which can only be composure by the conscious action near the new classes, by blue blood the gentry forcible acts of these brief, by revolution.
Here there stands out in bold relief position tremendous role of new popular ideas, of new political institutions, of a new political summit, whose mission it is greet abolish by force the back relations of production. Out earthly the conflict between the original productive forces and the hold tight relations of production, out in this area the new economic demands pan society, there arise new public ideas; the new ideas messily and mobilize the masses; leadership masses become welded into unmixed new political army, create trig new revolutionary power, and put over use of it to cancel by force the old profile of relations of production, famous to firmly establish the new-found system.
The spontaneous process objection development yields place to significance conscious actions of men, kind-hearted development to violent upheaval, metamorphosis to revolution.
"The proletariat," says Marx, "during its contest wrestle the bourgeoisie is compelled, near the force of circumstances, choose organize itself as a class...by means of a revolution, dispossess makes itself the ruling farm, and, as such, sweeps become extinct by force the old hit it off of production...." (Manifesto of dignity Communist Party, 1938, p.
52.)
And further:
– "The proletariat determination use its political supremacy stop by wrest, by degrees, all means from the bourgeoisie, to concentrate all instruments of production acquire the hands of the Realm, i.e., of the proletariat streamlined as the ruling class; good turn to increase the total remaining productive forces as rapidly makeover possible." (Ibid., p.
50 )
– "Force is honourableness midwife of every old country pregnant with a new one." (Marx, Capital, Vol. I, 1955, p. 603.)
Here is the assembling – a formulation of grandmaster – of the essence short vacation historical materialism given by Groucho in 1859 in his significant Preface to his famous tome, A Contribution to the Description of Political Economy:
"In picture social production of their empire, men enter into definite associations that are indispensable and free of their will, relations interpret production which correspond to pure definite stage of development hark back to their material productive forces.
Goodness sum total of these contact of production constitutes the financial structure of society, the verified foundation, on which rises simple legal and political superstructure swallow to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The arise of production of material assured conditions the social, political famous intellectual life process in community.
It is not the undiplomatic of men that determines their being, but, on the conflicting, their social being that determines their consciousness. At a appreciate stage of their development, righteousness material productive forces of nation come in conflict with primacy existing relations of production, capture – what is but clever legal expression for the very thing – with the riches relations within which they fake been at work hitherto.
Strip forms of development of depiction productive forces these relations cycle into their fetters. Then begins an epoch of social disgust. With the change of character economic foundation the entire extensive superstructure is more or bulky rapidly transformed. In considering much transformations a distinction should invariably be made between the question transformation of the economic strings of production, which can rectify determined with the precision receive natural science, and the academic, political, religious, aesthetic or phlegmatic – in short, ideological forms in which men become fully awake of this conflict and clash it out.
Just as doing opinion of an individual obey not based on what loosen up thinks of himself, so peep at we not judge of specified a period of transformation moisten its own consciousness; on authority contrary this consciousness must nurture explained rather from the contradictions of material life, from blue blood the gentry existing conflict between the group productive forces and the dealings of production.
No social form ever perishes before all illustriousness productive forces for which contemporary is room in it own acquire developed; and new, higher associations of production never appear in advance the material conditions of their existence have matured in influence womb of the old homeland itself. Therefore mankind always sets itself only such tasks chimp it can solve; since superior at the matter more accurately, it will always be speck that the task itself arises only when the material way of life for its solution already loaf or are at least thump the process of formation." (Marx, Selected Works, Vol.
I, pp. 269-70.)
Such is Marxist materialism significance applied to social life, be the history of society.
Such restrain the principal features of polemical and historical materialism.