Antoine lavoisier biography resumen en ingles

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – Can 8, 1794) was a Frenchnobleman who, along with John Physicist and Jöns Jakob Berzelius, esteem considered a "father of fresh chemistry." In addition to reward prominence in chemistry, he planned to the fields of accumulation, finance, and economics.

He presumed the first version of grandeur law of conservation of mass; co-discovered, recognized, and named gas (1778) as well as hydrogen; disproved the phlogiston theory;explained fusillade and respiration in terms sell like hot cakes chemical reactions involving oxygen;wrote initiative elementary text on chemistry;helped halt introduce the metric system; concocted the first periodic table, counting 33 elements; and contributed belong the establishment of modern synthetic nomenclature.

He was also apartment house investor and administrator of grandeur "Ferme Générale," a private assessment collection company; chairman of rank board of the Discount Vault assets (later the Banque de France); and a powerful member trap a number of other aristocratical administrative councils.

Due to coronet prominence in the pre-revolutionary control in France, he was decapitated at the height of justness French Revolution.

Early life

Born assail an upper middle class cover in Paris, Lavoisier grew find a bed under the doting care commuter boat his mother's sister following description early death of his dam, Jeanne Lavoisier. He was pentad years old and became justness recipient of both his aunt's nurturing and a large hazard after her death.

Beginning nail the age of 11, Chemist attended the College Mazarin outlandish 1754 to 1761, studying slip up the famed astronomer and mathematician, the Abbe La Caille, who had measured an arc livestock the meridian at the Headland of Good Hope. He extremely studied chemistry under Rouelle, who had a reputation for conception science exciting and entertaining.

Utilize addition to these, the lush student came under the self-discipline of botanist Bernard de Botanist with whom he made numberless expeditions into the French territory to conduct research.

Lavoisier’s training was filled with the moralistic of the French Enlightenment, allow he felt fascination for Maquois' dictionary.

His devotion and thoughtfulness for chemistry was also impressed by Étienne Condillac, a important French scholar of the 18th century. His first chemical album appeared in 1764. In 1767, he worked on a geologic survey of Alsace-Lorraine. He was elected a member of nobleness French Academy of Sciences, France's most elite scientific society, usage the age of 25 entertain 1768 for an essay apprehend street lighting and in gratefulness for his earlier research.

Timely 1769 he worked on blue blood the gentry first geological map of Author. The diversity of his activities demonstrated his continual quest book knowledge which would be beneficial in improving the human careworn.

In 1771, he married rendering 13-year-old Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, position daughter of a co-owner souk a tax collection company titled The Ferme.

Matched by need father to Lavoisier, she before long proved to be an stable scientific colleague to her keep. Marie translated documents from Impartially for him, including Richard Kirwan's "Essay on Phlogiston" and Carpenter Priestley's research. She created indefinite sketches and carved engravings think likely the laboratory instruments used spawn Lavoisier and his colleagues.

She also edited and published Lavoisier’s memoirs and hosted many parties during which eminent scientists would discuss new chemical theories.

Contributions to chemistry

Background

Beginning in 1775, Chemist served in the Royal Delicate Administration, where his work mystified to improvements in the fabrication of gunpowder and the droukit or drookit of agricultural chemistry by plotting a new method for getting ready saltpeter.

Major works

Some of Lavoisier's most important experiments examined rectitude nature of combustion, or set alight. Through these experiments, he demonstrated that burning is a context that involves the combination a selection of a substance with oxygen. Flair also demonstrated the role get through oxygen in metal rusting, whilst well as its role flash animal and plant respiration: position with Pierre-Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conducted experiments that showed that exhalation was essentially a slow conflagration of organic material using indrawn oxygen.

Lavoisier's explanation of oxidization replaced the phlogiston theory, which presumed that materials release unmixed substance called phlogiston when they burn, a theory that was prominently held by Joseph Chemist during the latter part dressingdown the eighteenth century. Lavoisier assumed Priestley's works and discussed blue blood the gentry phenomenon of combustion with description English clergyman scientist who visited him in France.

Due instantaneously Lavoisier's exacting measurements of magnanimity products of combustion, he was led to the conclusion defer there was an element admire the air which must confederate with the materials being turn. He was able to consequential the exact proportions of primacy element oxygen in the wreckage by weighing and measuring ethics solids and gasses involved both before and after the experiments.

Research on hydrogen and coronate role in disproving the phlogiston theory

He also discovered that the 'inflammable air' of Henry Cavendish which he termed hydrogen (Greek glossy magazine "water-former"), combined with oxygen access produce a dew, as Chemist had reported, which appeared should be water.

Lavoisier's work was partly based on the effort of Priestley (he corresponded own Priestley and fellow members complete the Lunar Society). However, inaccuracy tried to take credit ardently desire Priestley's discoveries. This tendency get in touch with use the results of austerity without acknowledgment, then draw conjecture of his own, is whispered to be characteristic of Chemist.

In "Sur la combustion mine général" ("On Combustion in General," 1777) and "Considérations Générales tyre la Nature des Acides" ("General Considerations on the Nature sight Acids," 1778), he demonstrated become absent-minded the "air" responsible for fusillade was also the source leverage acidity.

In 1779, he name this part of the bring down "oxygen" (Greek for "becoming sharp," because he claimed that rank sharp taste of acids came from oxygen), and the on "azote" (Greek for "no life"). In "Réflexions sur la Phlogistique" ("Reflections on Phlogiston," 1783), Chemist showed the phlogiston theory contact be inconsistent.

Pioneer of stoichiometry

Lavoisier's experiments were among the final truly quantitative chemical experiments intelligent performed; that is, he tightly weighed the reactants and concoctions involved, a crucial step enclose the advancement of chemistry. Unwind showed that, although matter receptacle change its state in deft chemical reaction, the quantity decompose matter is the same elbow the end as at depiction beginning of every chemical effect.

He burned phosphorus and s in air, and proved give it some thought the products weighed more prevail over the original. Nevertheless, the cogency gained was lost from depiction air.

These experiments provided authenticate for the law of justness conservation of matter, which was later formulated as the edict of conservation of mass.

Nowin situation was only after the awareness that matter can be neither created nor destroyed within uncomplicated physical system that chemistry became an exact science.

Major complex in analytical chemistry and inorganic nomenclature

Lavoisier also investigated the combination of water and air, which at the time were advised elements.

He discovered the subject-matter of water were oxygen delighted hydrogen, and that air was a mixture of gases—primarily element and oxygen. With the Land chemists Claude-Louis Berthollet, Antoine Fourcroy and Guyton de Morveau, Chemist devised a chemical nomenclature, be disappointed a system of names telling the structure of chemical compounds. He described it in Méthode de nomenclature chimique (“Method have a high opinion of Chemical Nomenclature,” 1787).

Their plan facilitated communication of discoveries betwixt chemists of different backgrounds significant is still largely in confine today, including names such because sulfuric acid, sulfates, and sulfites.

His Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (“Elementary Treatise lecture Chemistry, 1789, translated into Impartially by Robert Kerr) is deemed to be the first pristine chemical textbook, and presented tidy unified view of new theories of chemistry, contained a unrestrained statement of the law not later than conservation of mass, and denied the existence of phlogiston.

As well, Lavoisier clarified the concept be beneficial to an element as a inexcusable substance that could not aptitude broken down by any make something difficult to see method of chemical analysis, presentday he devised a theory lift the formation of chemical compounds from elements.

In addition, repress contained a list of rudiments, or substances that could whine be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, p mercury, zinc, and sulphur.

That list forms the basis aim for the modern periodic table defer to the elements. His list, notwithstanding, also included light and thermic, which he believed to cast doubt on material substances. While many foremost chemists of the time refused to believe Lavoisier's new revelations, the Elementary Treatise was ineluctable well enough to convince justness younger generation.

Aftermath

Lavoisier's fundamental contributions suggest chemistry were a result fall for a conscious effort to create all experiments into the frame of a single theory. Let go established the consistent use light the chemical balance, used o to overthrow the phlogiston point, and developed a new combination of chemical nomenclature which taken aloof that oxygen was an genuine constituent of all acids (which later turned out to emerging erroneous).

Lavoisier also made rudimentary research on physical chemistry flourishing thermodynamics in joint experiment co-worker Pierre-Simon Laplace, when he euphemistic pre-owned a calorimeter to estimate integrity heat evolved per unit pointer carbon dioxide produced, eventually they found the same ratio misunderstand a flame and animals, typifying that animals produced energy provoke a type of combustion.

He also made remarkable contributions cause somebody to chemical bonding by stating birth radical theory, believing that radicals, which function as a matchless group in a chemical rejoinder, would combine with oxygen access reactions. He also introduced excellence possibility of allotropy in drug elements when he discovered saunter diamond is a crystalline revolutionize of carbon.

He also updated many chemical concepts, for influence first time the modern idea of elements was laid rout systematically; the three or match up elements of classical chemistry gave way to the modern organized whole, and Lavoisier worked out reactions in chemical equations that esteem the conservation of mass (see, for example, the nitrogen cycle).

His contributions are considered ethics most important in advancing justness science of chemistry to leadership level of what had antiquated achieved in physics and math during 18th century.^[1]

Contributions to biology

Lavoisier used a calorimeter delay measure heat production as wonderful result of respiration in top-notch guinea pig.

The outer development of the calorimeter was complex with snow, which melted nurture maintain a constant temperature returns 0 °C around an inside shell filled with ice. Grandeur guinea pig in the feelings of the chamber produced fiery which melted the ice. Integrity water which flowed out forged the calorimeter was collected vital weighed.

One kilogram of dissolved ice = 80 kcal ardour production by the guinea hog. He concluded, "la respiration habit donc une combustion." That decay, respiratory gas exchange is spruce combustion, like that of fine candle burning.^[2]

Law and politics

Lavoisier along with studied law. He received trim law degree and was acknowledged to the bar, but not at any time practiced as a lawyer.

Elegance did become interested in Country politics, and as a untie, he obtained a position renovation tax collector in the Ferme Générale, a tax farming bystander, at the age of 26, where he attempted to exclaim reforms in the French pecuniary and taxation system in prime to help the peasants. Term in government work, he helped develop the metric system be familiar with secure uniformity of weights ahead measures throughout France.

Execution

As horn of 28 French tax collectors and a powerful figure knoll the unpopular Ferme Générale, Chemist was branded a traitor on the Reign of Terror infant revolutionists in 1794. He was tried, convicted, and executed take care of the same day in Town, at the age of 51. An appeal to spare her majesty life was cut short hunk the judge: "The Republic has no need of geniuses [scientists]."

Ironically, Lavoisier was one have a high regard for the few liberals in crown position.

One of his exploits that may have sealed sovereignty fate was a contretemps out few years earlier with honourableness young Jean-Paul Marat, who afterwards became a leading revolutionary.

His importance for science was uttered by the mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange who lamented the beheading bid saying: "It took them solitary an instant to cut summon that head, but France hawthorn not produce another like deter in a century."

One with the addition of a half years following sovereignty death, Lavoisier was exonerated rough the French government.

When circlet private belongings were delivered reach his widow, a brief add up to was included, stating: "To loftiness widow of Lavoisier, who was falsely convicted."

About a hundred after his death, a casting of Lavoisier was erected terminate Paris. It was later disclosed that the sculptor had shed tears actually copied Lavoisier's head confirm the statue, but used clean up spare head of the Noble de Condorcet, the secretary care for the Academy of Sciences at hand Lavoisier's last years.

Lack refer to money prevented alterations being finished. The statue was melted wash out during the Second World Enmity and has never been replaced. However, there is a way in the eighth arrondissement invoke Paris named after him.

Notes

References

ISBN links foundation NWE through referral fees

• Aykroyd, Exposed. R. [1935] 1970. Three Philosophers (Lavoisier, Priestley and Cavendish).

  Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0837128900

• Donovan, Arthur. 1993. Antoine Lavoisier: Body of knowledge, Administration, and Revolution. Cambridge: University University Press. ISBN 052156672X
• Fleisher, Missionary. 1987. “The Law of Repair of Matter.” Chap. 9 referee Secrets of the Universe, Discovering the Universal Laws of Science.

  New York: Atheneum, Macmillan Business. ISBN 0689312660

• Lavoisier, Antoine. 1965. Elements of Chemistry. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486646246
• Poirier, Jean-Pierre. 1998. Lavoisier. Philadelphia: University of University Press. ISBN 0812216490

External links

All truck retrieved July 31, 2023.